Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek admired Prussian military discipline, and privately contracted German military experts to modernize the Chinese military as it prepared to fight the Japanese. The German military mission, after the rise of Hitler, included strong Nazi and fascist elements, but some Jewish or part-Jewish senior military officers were able to use it as a pipeline to escape Germany. This is the story of Colonel Arnade of the military mission, pictured above. His grandson, Peter Arnade, specializes in the history of late-medieval and early-modern Europe and is the dean of the University of Hawai‘i’s College of Arts, Languages, and Letters.

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