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ACTIVITY: Sailing by the Force of the Wind

NGSS Science and Engineering Practices
Developing and Using Models
Planning and Carrying Out Investigations

Students plan, investigate, and model the motion of a sailboat using balanced and unbalanced forces of wind.

NGSS Crosscutting Concepts
Cause and Effect

Students observe the effect of wind strength and direction on the movement of sailboats.

NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas
PS2.A: Forces and Motion
PS2.B: Types of Interactions

Using wind as a model force, students determine how the interaction of wind on sails can lead to motion of their sailboat.

Table of Contents
Activity: Sailing by the Force of the Wind
The activity below draws from the content in the page The Forces of Wind.

 

<p>Fig. 1. Sailing races happen all over the world in strong wind conditions.</p>

Fig. 1. Sailing races happen all over the world in strong wind conditions.

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Phenomenon:

As winds blow harder, sailboats move faster.

Inquiry:

How did people move across the oceans before there were engines?

Guiding Questions:

  1. How does wind affect the movement of sailboats?
  2. What would happen to the movement of a sailboat if the force of wind is balanced with another force?

 

<p>Fig. 2. This image shows two girls playing with a toy sailboat in Seattle, Washington around the 1930's.</p>

Fig. 2. This image shows two girls playing with a toy sailboat in Seattle, Washington around the 1930's.

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Activity:

Build a model of a sailboat to investigate the effects of wind energy coming from different directions with varying strength.

 

Materials:

  • Student Worksheet and Teacher Answer Guide (attached below)

 

 

 

 

ACTIVITY SHEET

Student Worksheet: The Forces of Wind

TEACHER GUIDE

The Forces of Wind Teacher Guide

This teacher guide follows the procedure written here and in the student worksheet with additional instructions and guidelines. We highly recommend starting this activity by introducing the Phenomenon, Inquiry, and Guiding Questions from the top of this webpage.

Boat Building Supplies

  • Boat base (choose one of the following):
    - Egg carton 
    - Cardboard
    - Plastic container (i.e. tupperware)
    - Aluminum foil
    - Heavy paper
  • Mast (choose one of the following):
    - Wooden skewer
    - Chopsticks
    - Popsicle sticks
    - Craft sticks
    - Small tree branches
  • Sail supplies (choose one of the following):
    - Construction paper
    - Cloth
    - Foil
  • Glue or tape
  • Optional: Pennies or another small object to add weight to the boats. 

Testing the Wind Materials

  • Large tray or bucket to hold water
  • Fan
  • Hairdryer
  • Optional: Straw (metal, silicone, or paper to limit the use of single use plastics)

Teacher Recommendations: 

  • Boats can take all shapes and sizes - students can get creative with how they construct their boat—as long as it floats and catches wind!
  • When considering what to use to represent the ocean, keep in mind that the boats will be moving across the surface of the water. Using a container with a larger surface area will yeild the best results. If there is a pond nearby, consider using that!
  • This activity can be connected with content from Earth and Space Science lessons on Hurricanes and Designs that Survive Storms:
    ACTIVITY

    Designs That Survive Storms

Procedure:

  1. Follow along on your worksheet to build a boat and test the winds!

Build a model of a sailboat:

  1. Create a boat base from your chosen material (i.e. folded tinfoil, cardboard box, plastic container).
  2. Cut a rectangle from construction paper to make your sail. Decorate it!
  3. Poke two small holes in line at the top and bottom of the sail. Get help from your teacher as needed!
  4. <p>Fig. 3. An example of a model sail boat.&nbsp;</p>

    Fig. 3. An example of a model sail boat. 

    Image by Emily Sesno

    Attach the sail to the mast (chopstick, skewer, stick, or similar material) by guiding the stick through the holes. Add tape or glue as necessary to secure it (Fig. 2).

  5. Create an ‘ocean’ (bowl or pan of water) and place your sailboat on the surface of the water.
  6. Optional: add pennies or other items to the boat to help weigh it down and sit properly in the water. 
  7. Draw a picture of what your boat looks like. Label the parts.

Test the winds:

  1. Before testing the effect of wind on your sailboat, think about your hypotheses and record them on your data table:
    1. How will the force of wind affect the motion of my sailboat? (i.e. Will there be a difference in your boat's movement when the wind is weaker compared to when the wind is stronger?)
    2. How will the direction of wind affect the motion of my sailboat? (i.e. Will your boat move sideways, straight ahead, backwards, etc.?)
  2. Conduct your trials.

Trial #1: Direct Winds

  1. ​Blow gently on your sailboat using your breath. You may also blow through straw to help direct your ʻwind.ʻ (Please use a metal, cardboard, or other type of non-plastic straw!)
  2. Record your observations on the data table.

Trial #2: Indirect Winds

  1. ​Use a fan to blow wind toward your sailboat. Place the fan pointing in the general direction of the sailboat. Turn the fan onto the lowest setting.
  2. Record your observations on the data table

Trial #3: Strong Winds

  1. ​Use a hairdryer to blow from different directions on your sailboat.
  2. Switch between high and low settings. 
  3. Record your observations on the data table.

Trial #4: Equal Winds

  1. ​Using either hairdryers or your breath, blow on one side of your sailboat while your partner blows with the same force on the opposite side.
  2. Record your observations on the data table.

Data Table:

TEST:
What will I do?		 PREDICTION:
What will happen?		 OBSERVATION DATA:
What do I observe? (use words and/or a labeled drawing.)
Trial #1 - Blow directly  on the sailboat    
Trial #2 - Blow indirectly  toward the sailboat    
Trial #3 - Blow strongly on the sailboat    
Trial #4 - Blow at the same time as your partner (facing each other) on the sailboat    

Activity Questions:

  1. When a sailboat is floating but not moving, the forces acting on it are (circle one):
    1. balanced
    2. unbalanced
  2. When a sailboat is moving, the forces acting on it are (circle one):
    1. balanced 
    2. unbalanced
  3. When your boat is not moving, there are forces acting on it to keep it floating on the water. However the boat does not move because those forces are balanced.
    1. What balanced forces are acting on the floating sailboat?
    2. What additional forces could you apply to cause the boat to move?
  4. What happened when you blew gently on the sailboat?
  5. What happened when you blew harder?
  6. What changed when your partner blew at the same time as you? Were the forces balanced or unbalanced?
  7. When you push a ball and it rolls on the floor, is this a balanced or unbalanced force?
  8. You have been testing wind as an unbalanced force that moves sailboats. Give an example of another unbalanced force that can cause an object to move.
  9. How might sailors use the knowledge of winds to plan for voyages?

 

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Exploring Our Fluid Earth, a product of the Curriculum Research & Development Group (CRDG), College of Education. University of Hawai?i, 2011. This document may be freely reproduced and distributed for non-profit educational purposes.