Apply the OLP in these units https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/ en Survival in the Open Ocean https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/grade-3/life-science/survival-open-ocean <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Survival in the Open Ocean</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Title</div> <div class="field__item"><h1>Survival in the Open Ocean</h1> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/sealearning/user/357" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">rnakama</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 04/04/2018 - 17:56</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe field--type-entity-reference field--label-above field--depth-1"> <div class="field__label">NGSS Performance Expectations</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/850" hreflang="en">3-LS4-3 Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive at all.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking---topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking-.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking-.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe-linking- field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Clarification Statement</em>: Examples of evidence could include the needs and characteristics of the organisms and habitats involved. The organisms and their habitats make up a system in which the parts depend on each other.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-olp--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-olp.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-olp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-olp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above field--depth-5"> <div class="field__label">Ocean Literacy Principles</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/399" hreflang="en">OLP 5: The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/426" hreflang="en">OLP 5.D</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/427" hreflang="en">OLP 5.E</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/428" hreflang="en">OLP 5.F</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/429" hreflang="en">OLP 5.G</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-toc--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-toc.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-toc.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-toc field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Table of Contents</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sealearning/taxonomy/term/1399" hreflang="en">Survival in the Open Ocean</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-representative-image--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-representative-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Representative Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--none-original-size-.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--none-original-size-.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-none-original-size-"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_T1_Thumbnail.png"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_T1_Thumbnail.png" width="147" height="67" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--comment-node-topic-page--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--comment-node-topic-page.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--comment-node-topic-page.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--comment.html.twig' --> <section class="field field--name-comment-node-topic-page field--type-comment field--label-hidden comment-wrapper"> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p> </p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'filter_caption' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content-edit/filter-caption.html.twig' --> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-entity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1785" class="node node-activity-page special-feature-type-activity contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="40049a95-2a99-4bdd-af6e-f8c2e313dea4" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">ACTIVITY</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/sealearning/grade-3/life-science/survival-open-ocean/activity-open-ocean-survival" hreflang="und">Open Ocean Survival</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p></p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div><figcaption>This activity build on the content below.</figcaption></figure><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content-edit/filter-caption.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'filter_caption' --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content-edit/filter-caption.html.twig' --><figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-entity"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-2036" class="node node-attachment special-feature-type-teacher-guide contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2cc8309f-8b66-47cb-a337-0f544a5e2460" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">TEACHER GUIDE</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Open%20Ocean%20Survival_Teacher%20Guide_3.pdf">The Open Ocean Presentation<div class="download-link"></div></a> </h2> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div><figcaption>In the above teacher guide pdf, there are presenter notes in yellow boxes in the upper, left corner. This presentation comes from the original SEA curriculum.</figcaption></figure><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content-edit/filter-caption.html.twig' --><br /></p><hr /><h2>Survival in a Habitat</h2> <p>Organisms often require specific abilities and <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">adaptations</a> to survive in a given environment or <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">habitat</a>. A polar bear, for example, wouldn't survive well in a desert, just as a camel wouldn't do well in polar regions (Fig. 1 &amp; 2). <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">Morphological</a> traits, such as coloring that matches the surrounding habitat, provide the advantage of protection from predators. Other <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">physiological</a> or behavioral traits can also provide advantages for an organisms' survival.</p> <hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_-_Alaska.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_-_Alaska.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Polar_Bear.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Polar_Bear.jpg?itok=P9HHh1eA" width="400" height="267" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 1. The white appearance of this polar bear helps it to camouflage in with the white snow.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 1. The white appearance of this polar bear helps it to camouflage in with the white snow.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_-_Alaska.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_in_sahara.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_in_sahara.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Camel.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Camel.jpg?itok=0VuUwcl-" width="400" height="267" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 2. The brown coloring of a camel helps it to blend in with the desert sand behind it.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 2. The brown coloring of a camel helps it to blend in with the desert sand behind it.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_in_sahara.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p><a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">Natural selection</a> provides a mechanism for species to adapt to changes in their environment. Organisms that are better suited for their environment will pass desired traits on to their offspring. On the other hand, individuals with traits that are less adaptive produce fewer (or no) offspring. In some cases, organisms may not be able to adapt to changes in the environment, and the species becomes <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">extinct</a>. Adaptive changes due to natural selection have strongly contributed to the <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">biodiversity</a> on Earth.</p> <hr /><h2>Habitats of the Open Ocean</h2> <p>The global, world ocean covers approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface and 90% of the oceans’ area is made up of oceanic zone habitat, with the other 10% being the coastal oceans. To understand the habitat of <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">the open ocean</a> (or the oceanic zone), we must first define what this area is and how scientists distinguish it from <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">the coastal ocean</a>. Each continent has a <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">continental shelf</a> that lies under the sea surface and slopes down to the ocean’s greater depths. The part of the ocean that overlaps this continental shelf is coastal ocean, also called the <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">neritic zone</a>, and is generally less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.</p> <hr /><p>The open ocean habitat begins at the outer edge of the continental shelf, extending from the surface down to the deepest depths of the ocean floor. The water environment of this region, collectively referred to as the <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">pelagic zone</a>, is further subdivided by depth and the relative penetration of sunlight through the water (Fig. 3 and Table 1). The <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">benthic zone</a> refers to the ocean bottom, including all plants, animals, and structures (such as reefs) that live there. </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--full-.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--full-.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-full-" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic_divisions.svg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic_divisions.svg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Oceanic_Zones.png"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost" style="float:none"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/full_page/public/3LS_Oceanic_Zones.png?itok=9-TVrKvE" width="773" height="580" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig 3. Diagram of the divisions of the ocean.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-full-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig 3. Diagram of the divisions of the ocean.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic_divisions.svg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p><strong>Table 1. The names, depths, and descriptions of the zones of the open ocean.</strong></p> <hr /><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Zone</th> <th scope="col">Depth</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sunlight</td> <td>0–200 m (0-650 ft)</td> <td> <p><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">This “lighted” region is also referred to as</span><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"> the </span><font size="2"><a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">photic zone</a> or <strong>epipelagic</strong>.</font><font size="2"> </font><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">Penetrating sunlight allows for relatively high photosynthetic activity of </span><a href="#Open Ocean Vocab" style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">phytoplankton</a><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"> (generally, microscopic algae), providing energy and food sources for other organisms.</span></p> </td> </tr><tr><td>Twilight</td> <td>200–700 m (656-2,296 ft)</td> <td>Also known as the <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">disphotic zone</a> or <strong>mesopelagic</strong>, some light penetrates here. Deeper water organisms here must rely primarily on energy sources generated from the photic zone above. </td> </tr><tr><td>Midnight</td> <td>700-10,000 m (2,296-32,808 ft)</td> <td> <p><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">Also referred to as the <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">"aphotic" zone</a>, the deepest layer of the world's oceans that gets no sunlight at all. T</span><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">hese deeper and darker depths can be further subdivided into three regions:</span></p> <hr /><ol><li><strong><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">B</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><strong>athypelagic</strong> (or bathyal zone): </span><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">700-1,000 m (2,296-3,280 ft)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">A</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><strong>byssalpelagic</strong> (or abyssal zone/ the Abyss): </span><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">2,000-4,000 m (6,561-13,123 ft)</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;"><strong>Hadalpelagic</strong> (or Hadal zone/ The Trenches): </span><span style="font-size: 13.008000373840332px;">6,000–10,000 m (19,685-32,808 ft0</span></span></span></li> </ol></td> </tr></tbody></table><hr /><h2>Characteristics of the Open Ocean</h2> <p>The open ocean is vast and variable. In addition to light changes, pressure and temperature change dramatically from the surface to the deep sea. Warmer waters in the sunlight zone are mixed by wind and waves, creating a surface layer of relatively consistent temperatures. As depth increases, the pressure of the surrounding seawater also increases, but the temperature decreases. Below the upper, mixed layer of water, there is often a marked <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">thermocline</a> where the temperatures rapidly transition to the much colder waters of the deep ocean (Fig. 4). The properties of light, pressure, and temperature greatly influence the type of organisms that can survive in the different parts of the open ocean.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--full-.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--full-.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-full-" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html&quot; href=&quot;https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html&quot;&gt;NOAA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Thermocline_Partial.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost" style="float:none"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/full_page/public/3LS_Thermocline_Partial.jpg?itok=bz3FM2GM" width="773" height="303" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig 4. In this seawater profile, the red line shows the temperature change, or thermocline, as depth increases. This profile may look different between seasons and locations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-full-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig 4. In this seawater profile, the red line shows the temperature change, or thermocline, as depth increases. This profile may look different between seasons and locations. </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/thermocline.html">NOAA</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p><span style="font-size: 1.385em; font-weight: bold;">Creatures of the Open Ocean</span></p> <p>Because the open ocean zone ranges from the sunlit warm waters at the surface, to the dark, cold, pressures of the deep, ocean organisms have adapted to survive in their specific environments. This section explores the variation of adaptations between the three light zones: the sunlight, the twilight, and the midnight zones.</p> <h3><u>The "Sunlight" Zone</u></h3> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sargassum_muticum_Yendo_Fensholt_1955_Lamiot_WimmereuxHautsDeFrance_Estran_Juillet_2016a4.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sargassum_muticum_Yendo_Fensholt_1955_Lamiot_WimmereuxHautsDeFrance_Estran_Juillet_2016a4.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Sargassum.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/third_page/public/3LS_Sargassum.jpg?itok=LanBTRr9" width="254" height="339" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 5. Sargassum is a free floating marine plant.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-third-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 5. Sargassum is a free floating marine plant.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sargassum_muticum_Yendo_Fensholt_1955_Lamiot_WimmereuxHautsDeFrance_Estran_Juillet_2016a4.jpg">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Phytoplankton.png"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/third_page/public/3LS_Phytoplankton.png?itok=urnkiG1-" width="254" height="339" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 6. Phytoplankton are an important food source.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-third-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 6. Phytoplankton are an important food source.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mixed_phytoplankton_community_2.png">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p>The sunlight zone has enough light for photosynthesis to take place, and plant life thrives. Plants found in this region include free floating algae (often called seaweed), such as kelp or sargassum (Fig. 5), and microscopic photosynthetic organisms called <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">phytoplankton</a> (Fig. 6).</p> <hr /><p>Plants provide food for animals, which in turn act as food for larger predators. In the warm sunlight surface waters, life is abundant. Many fish living there are fast, long-distance swimmers with efficient circulatory systems that provide the necessary energy to swim across large distances in the ocean to find scattered prey resources (e.g., tuna and sword fish). Other small, pelagic fish can fly out of the water to escape predators. The flying fish, for example, can actually double their escape velocity while airborne! Many whale species migrate thousands of kilometers each year, between their warm breeding grounds and their rich Arctic and Antarctic feeding grounds. Marine turtles make long voyages across the oceans, between their nesting beaches and feeding grounds.</p> <hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;Elias Levy, via &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/shark-week-celebrating-us-science-and-sustainability&quot; href=&quot;https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/shark-week-celebrating-us-science-and-sustainability&quot;&gt;NOAA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Countershaded_shark.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/third_page/public/3LS_Countershaded_shark.jpg?itok=zaYkfcNs" width="254" height="169" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 7. This great white shark has countershading.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-third-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 7. This great white shark has countershading.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Elias Levy, via <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/shark-week-celebrating-us-science-and-sustainability">NOAA</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p>To survive in the well-lit, exposed habitat of the open ocean, many types of animals have evolved a form of camouflage called <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">countershading</a> (e.g. sharks, rays, dolphins, and whales). These animals are darker on their top side and lighter on their under side (e.g. great white shark, Fig. 7). This makes them more difficult to spot from above (they blend in with the darker deep water below them), or from below (they blend in with the clearer shallow water above them).</p> <hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-mackerel&quot; href=&quot;https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-mackerel&quot;&gt;NOAA Fisheries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Mackeral_school.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/third_page/public/3LS_Mackeral_school.jpg?itok=UhMATq3F" width="254" height="169" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 8. These Atlantic Mackerel school for protection.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-third-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 8. These Atlantic Mackerel school for protection.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-mackerel">NOAA Fisheries</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p>Many fish move in schools to survive in the sunlight zone. Schooling behaviors are thought to be protective to help fish avoid predation by confusing potential predators. Large numbers of fish, such as mackerel scad (‘opelu) commonly found in Hawai‘i, form a school and have abrupt, synchronous movements, which resemble a choreographed dance, and help them to survive (Fig. 8).</p> <p> </p> <hr /><h3><u>The "Twilight" Zone</u></h3> <p>The twilight zone is cold and dark, recieving very little sunlight from the waters above. Because there is not enough light for photosynthesis to take place, no plants live there. Animals living in the twilight zone have adapted to life in the dimly lit waters. Some species have enormous eyes to see in the darkness and large teeth to capture prey, like the viperfish (Fig. 9). To avoid being eaten, many animals are small and transparent or very dark (e.g. some jellies, squid, and crustaceans). Many aniamls use <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">bioluminescence</a> to make their own light to help find food, mates, and/or confuse predators (e.g., comb jellies, Fig. 10).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messina_Straits_Chauliodus_sloani.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messina_Straits_Chauliodus_sloani.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Viperfish%27.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Viperfish%27.jpg?itok=NRyQDOBV" width="400" height="311" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 9. Viperfish have massive teeth and eyes to survive in the twilight zone.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 9. Viperfish have massive teeth and eyes to survive in the twilight zone.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messina_Straits_Chauliodus_sloani.jpg">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comb_jelly_2.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comb_jelly_2.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Ctenophore.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Ctenophore.jpg?itok=Y4q41IGM" width="400" height="311" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 10. This comb jelly is one of the many bioluminescent creatures found in the deep sea.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 10. This comb jelly is one of the many bioluminescent creatures found in the deep sea.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comb_jelly_2.jpg">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p>Because no photosynthesis takes place in this zone, many animals feed on the plant matter, or dead organisms, falling from the sunlight zone above. Some organisms undergo <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">vertical migration</a>, moving up from the depth at night to find food from the zone above and back down as the sun comes up (Fig. 11). The viperfish, for instance (Fig. 9), can also be found even deeper, moving between the midnight and twilight zones to feed. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--full-.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--full-.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-full-"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Vertical_Migration.gif"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Vertical_Migration.gif" width="592" height="332" alt="moving image of daily marine life migration between twilight and sunlight zone." typeof="foaf:Image" /><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --></a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 11. Daily marine life migration between twilight and sunlight zone.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of NASA, via <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_diel_migration.gif">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p> </p> <h3><u>The "Midnight" Zone</u></h3> <p>The conditions of the environment in the midnight zone are harsh, with near freezing temperatures, extreme pressure, and complete darkness. Similar to the twilight zone, many organisms in this region have evolved to emit light through bioluminescent organs (like lanternfish and lightfish). Some also have very large eyes and/or stalked eyes (a protrusion that extends the eye away from the body, giving the eye a better field of view). Others have evolved the absence of eyes where complete darkness provides no selective advantage for sight.</p> <hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eurypharynx.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eurypharynx.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Gulper_Eel.jpg"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Gulper_Eel.jpg?itok=ED9pCNfE" width="400" height="194" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 12. Gulper eels can expand their mouths to capture large prey.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 12. Gulper eels can expand their mouths to capture large prey.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eurypharynx.jpg">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p>Food is scarce at these depths and many organisms rely on <a href="#Open Ocean Vocab">marine snow</a> for food. Predators need large mouths and teeth to capture whatever crosses their path. The mouths of gulper eels, also known as pelican eels, can expand to swallow preys at least as large as themselves (Fig. 12). </p> <p><em>Check out<a href="https://nautiluslive.org/video/2018/09/20/gulper-eel-balloons-its-massive-jaws"> this video</a> recorded from t</em><em>he ocean explorer The Nautilus o</em><em>f a gulper eel balooning its massive jaws! </em></p> <hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-page.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-page.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-page" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/sealearning/sites/default/files/3LS_Anglerfish.png"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/sealearning/sites/default/files/styles/half_page/public/3LS_Anglerfish.png?itok=PskfkZX1" width="400" height="375" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 13. Anglerfish have large teeth and a lure that hangs over their head in order to maximize prey capture in the deep ocean.&lt;/p&gt;" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-half-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 13. Anglerfish have large teeth and a lure that hangs over their head in order to maximize prey capture in the deep ocean.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/media.html.twig' --><p>The fanged-tooth fish has the largest teeth of all marine animals in relation to its body size. Some fish have modified dorsal fins or other appendages that act as lures for attracting prey (e.g. anglerfishes (Fig. 13) and hatchetfishes).</p> <p> </p> <p>In addition to adaptating to the scarcity of light, animals of the deeper waters have evolved to cope with the increased pressure from the weight of the water column. Some fish have lost the gas bladder, which functions to control buoyancy in shallow water fishes. Organisms of the midnight zone have given way to some of the most bizarre sexual adaptations known—in order to surmount difficulties in finding mates in the very dark and vast habitat of the deep sea. Male anglerfishes, for example, are extremely tiny (females can be up to 10 times greater in size). Once a male and female find each other, the male attaches himself to the body of the female, their blood flow becomes connected and the male anglerfish is now parasitic and totally dependent on the female for nutrition.</p> <p> </p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1787" class="node node-special-feature-page special-feature-type-voice-of-the-sea contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6d3a763f-933b-44a4-ac40-a0589c683a38" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">VOICE OF THE SEA</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/sealearning/grade-3/life-science/survival-open-ocean/voice-sea-deep-sea-lab" hreflang="und">Deep Sea Lab</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p></p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div><br /></p><hr /><table><tbody><tr><td> <h3 class="text-align-center"><a name="Open Ocean Vocab" id="Open Ocean Vocab">Open Ocean Vocabulary</a></h3> <ul><li><strong>Adaptation</strong>: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.</li> <li><strong>Aphotic zone</strong>: 700-10,000 m in depth; also known as the midnight zone, the deeper regions of the water environment in which no light penetrates. Can be further subdivided into the bathypelagic, abyssalpelagic, and hadalpelagic. </li> <li><strong>Biodiversity</strong>: the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.</li> <li><strong>Bioluminescence</strong>: the production and emission of light by a living organism.</li> <li><strong>Benthic zone</strong>: the ocean floor. <em>Note: the <strong>benthos</strong> is the bottom or bed of a body of water, including the sand, mud, silt, and organisms that live there; also benthic community</em></li> <li><strong>Coastal Ocean</strong>: the areas from the shoreline to the outer edge of the continental margin</li> <li><strong>Continental shelf</strong>: the shallow, gradually sloping seabed around a continental or island margin, usually not deeper than 200 meters</li> <li><strong>Countershading</strong>: type of camouflage coloration commonly found in animals and means that the animal's back (dorsal side) is dark while its underside (ventral side) is light. This shading helps an animal blend in with its surroundings</li> <li><strong>Disphotic zone</strong>: 200–700 m in depth. Also known as the twilight zone or mesopelagic, the poorly lit depth of the ocean below the photic zone. </li> <li><strong>Extinct</strong>: (of a species, family, or other group of animals or plants) having no living members; no longer in existence</li> <li><strong>Habitat</strong>: a place in which organisms live</li> <li><strong>Marine snow</strong>: a continuous shower of mostly organic matter falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below which is referred to as the biological pump.</li> <li><strong>Morphological</strong>: relating to the form or structure of things.</li> <li><strong>Natural Selection</strong>: the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.</li> <li><strong>Neretic Zone</strong>: the water that overlies the continental shelves. Generally less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.</li> <li><strong>Oceanic zone</strong>: the deep ocean waters, away from the in uence of land, generally beginning at the outer edge of the continental shelf</li> <li><strong>Open ocean</strong>: deep ocean waters that are not close to land masses</li> <li><strong>Pelagic zone</strong>: the water environment of the open oceanic zone</li> <li><strong>Physiological</strong>: relating to the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.</li> <li><strong>Photic zone: </strong>0-200m in depth. <strong>A</strong>lso known as the "sunlight" zone or epipelagic, the upper region of the water environment in which light penetrates, allowing for photosynthesis.</li> <li><strong>Phytoplankton</strong>: the plant forms of plankton; generally small microscopic algae and diatoms</li> <li><strong>Thermocline</strong>: a steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake or ocean, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures.</li> <li><strong>Vertical migration</strong>: refers to the vertical movement along the water column in response to life stage, seasonal or daily changes. It generally represents a trade-off between the functions of food gathering and avoiding predators.</li> </ul></td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Thu, 05 Apr 2018 03:56:06 +0000 rnakama 1784 at https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning