Apply the OLP in these units https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/ en Traditional Ways of Knowing: Salt Harvesting https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/chemical/chemistry-and-seawater/salty-sea/traditional-ways-knowing-salt-harvesting <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--special-feature-page.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Traditional Ways of Knowing: Salt Harvesting</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Title</div> <div class="field__item"><h2>Traditional Ways of Knowing: Salt Harvesting</h2> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--special-feature-page.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <a title="View user profile." href="/exploringourfluidearth/users/fyang" class="username">fyang</a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--special-feature-page.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 04/14/2014 - 17:41</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-dci--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-dci.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-dci.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-dci field--type-entity-reference field--label-above field--depth-1"> <div class="field__label">NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/dci/ets2b-influence-engineering-technology-and-science-society-and-natural-world" hreflang="en">ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-toc--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--field-toc.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--field-toc.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-toc field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Table of Contents</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/toc/chemical/chemistry-and-seawater/salty-sea/traditional-ways-knowing-salt-harvesting" hreflang="en">Traditional Ways of Knowing: Salt Harvesting</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--comment-node-special-feature-p--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--comment-node-special-feature-p.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--comment-node-special-feature-p.html.twig x field--comment.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--comment.html.twig' --> <section class="field field--name-comment-node-special-feature-p field--type-comment field--label-hidden comment-wrapper"> </section> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--comment.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Solar Evaporation</h2> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4A%20francesaltpond.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4A%20francesaltpond.png?itok=BznOCdJz" width="290" height="186" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.4.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) Salt evaporation ponds in Ile de Ré, France.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;World Imaging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.4.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) Salt evaporation ponds in Ile de Ré, France.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" target="_blank">World Imaging</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4B%20PeruSaltPond.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4B%20PeruSaltPond.jpg?itok=wfzfP1nn" width="290" height="186" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.4.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) Salt evaporation ponds near Maras, Peru.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salinas_de_Maras,_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salinas_de_Maras,_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pululante&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.4.</strong> (<strong>B</strong>) Salt evaporation ponds near Maras, Peru.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salinas_de_Maras,_Peru-20Sept2013.jpg" target="_blank">Pululante</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4C%20sfbaysaltpond.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-4C%20sfbaysaltpond.jpg?itok=BeOLPqhI" width="290" height="435" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.4.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) Aerial view of evaporation ponds near southern San Francisco Bay, California.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_ponds_SF_Bay_(dro!d).jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_ponds_SF_Bay_(dro!d).jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;dr0!d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.4.</strong> (<strong>C</strong>) Aerial view of evaporation ponds near southern San Francisco Bay, California.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_ponds_SF_Bay_(dro!d).jpg" target="_blank">dr0!d</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Traditionally, salt was harvested from either solar evaporation ponds or rock deposits. Salt evaporation ponds are shallow, artificial basins designed to extract salt from seawater, salty lakes, or mineral-rich springs through natural evaporation (SF Fig. 2.4). As the water dries up, the salt crystals are harvested by raking. Salt evaporation ponds are almost entirely located in warm climates with high evaporation and low precipitation (little rain). Today, seawater is sometimes filtered to remove impurities before solar evaporation.</span></p> <hr /><p> </p> <h2>Traditional French Salt Harvesting</h2> <p>There are two types of salt formed by evaporation of seawater and harvested using traditional methods; <em>fleur de sel</em> (flower of salt) and <em>sel gris</em> (grey salt). Although these are French words, they can also refer to salt produced outside of France. <em>Fleur de sel</em> is hand-harvested sea salt that is collected from the top of salt ponds. It is white, crispy, and flaky. It is often used as a “finishing” salt to flavor foods right before eating (SF Fig. 2.5 A). <em>Fleur de sel</em> is not produced in large quantities and is labor-intensive, thus it can be very expensive. <em>Sel gris</em>, in contrast, comes from the same solar evaporation salt ponds as <em>fleur de sel</em> but is produced in greater quantities and harvested differently. <em>Sel gris</em> salt crystals fall to the bottom of the pond before being collected. <em>Sel gris</em> is generally grey, composed of large cube-like course crystals, and has a higher mineral concentration than <em>fleur de sel</em> (SF Fig. 2.5 B).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-5%20HarvestMethods.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-5%20HarvestMethods.jpg?itok=D0-7NIzJ" width="590" height="242" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.5.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;Fleur de sel&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;Sel gris&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image A courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_sel&quot; href=&quot;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_sel&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Christian Mertes&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Image B by Jordan Wang&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.5.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) <em>Fleur de sel</em> (<strong>B</strong>) <em>Sel gris</em></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image A courtesy of <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_sel" target="_blank">Christian Mertes</a>. Image B by Jordan Wang</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <h2>Traditional Hawaiian Salt Harvesting</h2> <p>Native Hawaiians used sea salt, <em>pa‘akai</em> (“to solidify the sea”), to season and preserve food, for religious and ceremonial purposes, and as medicine. Preserving food like <em>i‘a</em> (fish) and <em>he‘e</em> (octopus) was essential not just for storage on land, but also to provide nourishment during ocean voyages. In Hawai‘i, sea salt can be collected from rocky shoreline pools, were it occurs as a result of natural solar evaporation. Native Hawaiians also harvested sea salt on a larger scale through the use of man-made shallow clay ponds. One of the few active salt ponds is located on the island of Kaua‘i near Salt Pond Park in the <em>ahupua‘a</em> (watershed) of Hanapepe, where salt is made according to ancient traditions.</p> <p> </p> <p>In Hanapepe, underground seawater is accessed from deep wells and held in holding pools, where the seawater becomes concentrated through evaporation, and then transferred to shallow ponds (SF Fig. 2.6 A). The amount of time it takes until the salt is ready to be harvested from the shallow ponds depends on environmental factors like precipitation. Salt is not harvested during the winter months when it is rainy. During harvest, the top, white sea salt is raked, rinsed, and dried (SF Fig. 2.6 B). This salt is used like table salt. Some of the white salt is also mixed with red <em>‘alaea</em> clay, which is collected from the mountains of Waimea (SF Fig. 2.6 C). The red color comes from iron oxide in the clay. Native Hawaiians believe that <em>‘alaea</em> gives the salt spiritual power; it is used in traditional ceremonies, for ritual blessings and purifying, and for healing purposes.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF2.6A-SaltEvaporationPonds.JPG" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/M2U2-SF2.6A-SaltEvaporationPonds.JPG?itok=rxynHH2-" width="180" height="119" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.6.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) Salt evaporation ponds in Hanapepe, on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i.&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Kanesa Seraphin&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.6.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) Salt evaporation ponds in Hanapepe, on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image by Kanesa Seraphin</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF2.6B%20rakingpond.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/M2U2-SF2.6B%20rakingpond.jpeg?itok=965uiq7M" width="180" height="119" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.6&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) Raking the top of the salt ponds in Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu, India.&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG&quot; href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sandip Dey&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.6 </strong>(<strong>B</strong>) Raking the top of the salt ponds in Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu, India.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marakkanam_Salt_Pans.JPG" target="_blank">Sandip Dey</a> from Wikipedia</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF2.6C%20alaea%20salt.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/M2U2-SF2.6C%20alaea%20salt.jpg?itok=TrIydQW5" width="180" height="119" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.6&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;‘Alaea&lt;/em&gt; salt is a Hawaiian salt made from solar evaporated seawater. The salt is then coated with red clay.&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alaea_salt.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alaea_salt.jpg&quot;&gt;Glane23&lt;/a&gt; from Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.6 </strong>(<strong>C</strong>) <em>‘Alaea</em> salt is a Hawaiian salt made from solar evaporated seawater. The salt is then coated with red clay.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alaea_salt.jpg">Glane23</a> from Wikipedia</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p>The middle layer of salt is a pinkish color and also used for seasoning, blessings, and medicine. The bottom layer of salt, which is only harvested once at the end of the season, is brown. It is used as bleach, for pickling, for blessings, and to maintain <em>kalo</em> (taro, a root vegetable) <em>loʻi</em> (fields) and <em>loko iʻa</em> (fish ponds).</p> <p> </p> <p>Although the Hawaiian salt produced at Hanapepe is harvested using traditional methods, it does not meet strict “food grade” requirements according to the U.S. government. This means the salt may be given as a gift or traded, but it cannot be commercially sold. Because <em>‘alaea</em> does not meet “food grade” requirements, “<em>‘alaea</em> salt” sold in stores is not made with authentic <em>‘alaea</em> clay. These requirements are in place to protect the consumer. Interestingly, the cost of manufacturing salt also prevents most “Hawaiian salt” from being produced in Hawai‘i. <span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Here is a Youtube video about the </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gawS3sBHMQw" style="line-height: 1.538em;" target="_blank">Traditional Saltmaking in Hawai‘i.</a></p> <p> </p> <h2>Rock Salt</h2> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SFFig2.7-saltmine.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SFFig2.7-saltmine.png?itok=fDwT-YE3" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.7.&lt;/strong&gt; Modern rock salt mine in New York&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_mine_0096.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_mine_0096.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pollinator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.7.</strong> Modern rock salt mine in New York</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salt_mine_0096.jpg" target="_blank">Pollinator</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Salts that are harvested from rock deposits were formed by the evaporation of ancient seas. Rock salt can be mined directly, as shown in SF Fig. 2.7, or acquired by pumping a solvent, like water, into the deposit. Water dissolves the salt, forming a salty brine solution. The salt is then harvested by dehydrating the brine solution. Today, the brine solution may be treated with filtration or chemicals to purify it before dehydration.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Specialty and Seasoned Salts</h2> <p>Unrefined salt contains small amounts of minerals, sediments, and algae that affect the color and taste of the salt. The unique composition of the salt reflects where the salt was harvested. Specialty salts may also be flavored or smoked. Some flavors that have been added to salt include citrus (like lime or lemon), vanilla, celery, truffle, and espresso.</p> <p> </p> <p>Some salts have become famous for their distinctive color or taste. These are some examples of famous salts:</p> <ul><li> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-right media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SFFig2.8A-pinksalt.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SFFig2.8A-pinksalt.png?itok=OLb4cuXj" width="290" height="175" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.8.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) Himalayan pink salt&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinksalt.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinksalt.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;WhosCloset&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.8.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) Himalayan pink salt</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinksalt.jpg" target="_blank">WhosCloset</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> Himalayan pink salt, a rock salt mined mostly in Pakistan. The pink color is due to iron oxide (SF Fig. 2.8 A).</p></li> <li>Kala namak (“black salt” in Hindi), a rock salt. The salt smells of rotten eggs due to its sulfur content. The dark purple color is due to iron sulphides. The salt begins as Himalayan pink salt that is heated and mixed with Indian spices (SF Fig. 2.8 B).</li> <li>Black lava salt, which is made from solar evaporated seawater. The salt is coated with activated charcoal. There is no lava in the salt. The charcoal gives the salt a black color and smoky flavor (SF Fig. 2.8 C).</li> </ul><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-8B%20kalanamak.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-8B%20kalanamak.jpg?itok=dFT84Urs" width="290" height="328" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;Kala namak&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Salt_(crystals).jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Salt_(crystals).jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Sushant savla&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.8. </strong>(<strong>B</strong>) <em>Kala namak</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Salt_(crystals).jpg" target="_blank">Sushant savla</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-8C%20BlackLavaSalt.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M2U2-SF%20Fig2-8C%20BlackLavaSalt.jpg?itok=a4W7rly_" width="290" height="313" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SF Fig. 2.8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) Black lava salt&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image adapted from &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lava_salt&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lava_salt&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>SF Fig. 2.8. </strong>(<strong>C</strong>) Black lava salt</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image adapted from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lava_salt" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-questions--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--node--field-questions.html.twig * field--node--special-feature-page.html.twig * field--field-questions.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-questions field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Question Set</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li>How is most of the table salt in the world produced?<br />  </li> <li>Research how salt has been harvested in other areas of the world. Where are traditional salt harvesting methods still practiced?<br />  </li> <li>Research a specialty salt, such as Kosher salt, Maldon salt, or <em>Jukyeom</em> (Korean “bamboo salt”).<br /><ol start="1" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>How is the salt made or prepared? For example, is the salt a rock salt or made from solar evaporated seawater?</li> <li>What is the shape of the salt?</li> <li>Where did the salt originate?</li> <li>If the salt is known for a particular flavor, what is the flavor and how is the flavor imparted?</li> <li>How do chefs use the salt?</li> </ol></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> Tue, 15 Apr 2014 03:41:09 +0000 fyang 1174 at https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/chemical/chemistry-and-seawater/salty-sea/traditional-ways-knowing-salt-harvesting#comments