Lunar eclipse aids in locating 3 Near-Earth asteroids

Blood Moon Eclipse over Hawaiʻi (photo credit: Alex Dzierba)

Astronomers had a brief 60-minutes during the eclipse to search for NEOs. (Credit: Alex Dzierba)

Pan-STARRS1 is the world leader in finding Near-Earth Objects. Credit: Rob Ratkowski

Every night, the University of Hawaiʻi Pan-STARRS telescopes on Hakeakalā scan the sky for Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), asteroids or comets that may come close to or even hit Earth in the future. The search is funded by NASA’s Near-Earth Object Observations Program. 

For a few days each month, the bright full Moon hinders the search by making the sky brighter, which makes it more difficult to see these faint objects. So on May 26, when Hawaiʻi was in line for prime viewing of the total lunar eclipse–when the Full Moon enters Earth’s shadow–observers at Pan-STARRS capitalized on this opportunity to observe with the darkened sky.  

As a particular NEO moves about the Sun, its orbit may occasionally bring it to where it can be observed from Earth, but sometimes that window of opportunity may only be a few days.  A lunar eclipse might allow astronomers to catch faint NEOs during a time when they might otherwise be missed because of a bright full Moon.

Related UH News story: IfA’s Super Blood Moon broadcast nets gazers world wide, May 28, 2021 

On May 26, astronomers raced against a brief 60-minute window during the eclipse to search for faint NEOs. They pinpointed three to the northwest of the eclipsed Moon. One of them, an asteroid about the size of 1 ½ football fields, hadn’t been seen since 2001. The Near-Earth asteroid, 2001 MY7, does not pose a threat to Earth, according to UH astronomers.

“It only comes close to the Sun once every 5 years, when it becomes bright enough to see, making this kind of asteroid very difficult to discover,” said UH Institute for Astronomy (IfA) Astronomer Richard Wainscoat. “This object reminds us that some near-Earth objects can be very difficult to find—for example, objects that come close to Earth in the daytime sky, and objects with long periods.”

Pan-STARRS astronomers also saw two new NEOs. The larger object, 2021 KM2, now with additional observations has a well established orbit, and is approximately 450 feet in diameter. It poses no threat to Earth. The other object is smaller and has proven to be more elusive. Astronomers hope that it will be seen again in the next few weeks when the waning Moon lets the sky become darker, so that an accurate orbit can be determined.

The next lunar eclipse visible from Hawaiʻi is a partial eclipse on the night of November 18. Pan-STARRS astronomers are planning a similar deep search for NEOs on that night when the full Moon enters the Earth’s shadow.

Pan-STARRS1 is the world leader in finding larger NEOs, and continues to demonstrate the fundamental role Hawaiʻi astronomy plays in the nation’s planetary defense program.