Selected Posters and Publications (recent appear at top)

Duffy, D.C. and C. Martin. 2019. Cooperative Natural Resource and Invasive Species Management
in Hawai'i. Chapter 5 in : C.R. Veitch, M.N. Clout, A.R. Martin, J.C. Russell and C.J. West (eds.). Island invasives: scaling up to meet the challenge. Occasional Paper SSC no. 62. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Pages 497-502  

Goldstein, M.I., D.C. Duffy, S. Oehlers, N. Catterson, J. Frederick and S. Pyare. 2018. Interseasonal movement and non-breeding locations of Aleutian terns Onychoprion aleuticus. Marine Ornithology 47: 67–76  

Lepczyk C.A., J.E. Fantle-Lepczyk, K. Misajon, D. Hu and D.C. Duffy. 2018. Long-term history of vehicle collisions on the endangered Nene (Branta sandvicensis). PLoS ONE 14(2): e0210180  

Duffy, D.C. and F.H. Vargas. 2018. From the Vagile to the Sedentary: Disease
Implications and New Host Relationships on Islands. Chapter 5 in Disease Ecology, Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. P.G. Parker (ed.) Springer International Publishing. Pages 113-135  

Fantle-Lepczyk, J., A. Taylor, D. Duffy, L.H. Crampton and S. Conant. March 2016. Weather Influences on the Nest Success of the Endangered Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 128(1):43–55

Duffy, D.C., D.D. Elliott, G.M. Hart, K. Gunderson, J. Aguon-Kona, R. Bartlett, J. Fujikawa, P. Gmelin, C. Javier, L. Kaneholani, T. Keanini, J. Parish, T. Penniman and A. Works. June 2015. Has the Small Indian Mongoose Become Established on Kaua'i Island, Hawai'i? Pacific Science. 69(4):559-·565

Hu, D., G.E. Ackerman, C.S. Natividad Bailey, D.C. Duffy and D.C. Schneider. July 2015. Hawaiian Petrel Monitoring Protocol - Pacific Island Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2015/993

Duffy, D.C.  The Virus Next Time. Take action against new viruses by making Hawaii less hospitable for mosquitoes. October 16, 2014. Honolulu Civil Beat

Duffy, D.C. New president of UH must help define its mission and values. May 31, 2014. Honolulu Star Advertiser 

Duffy, D.C. July 19, 2013.  Opinion: Reviewing Reviewers. Science needs a standard way to evaluate and reward journal reviewers. The Scientist 

Duffy, D.C. and P.I. Capece. 2014. Depredation of endangered burrowing seabirds in Hawaii: management priorities. Marine Ornithology. 8:149-152 

Duffy, D.C. Recent bad news aside, UH is Hawaii's best hope. May 22, 2013. Honolulu Star Advertiser 

Duffy, D.C.,  A. McKnight and D.B. Irons. June 2013. Trans-Andean passage of migrating Arctic Terns over Patagonia. Marine Ornithology. 41:155-159

McKnight, A., A.J. Allyn and D.C. Duffy. 2013. "Stepping stone" pattern in Pacific Arctic tern
migration reveals the importance of upwelling areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 491:253-264

Duffy, D.C. and P. Capece. 2012. Biology and Impacts of Pacific Invasive Species 7. The domestic cat (Felis catus). Pacific Science. 66(2): 173-212

Samuel, M.D., P.H.F. Hobbelen, F. DeCastro, J.A. Ahumada, D. LaPointe, C.T. Atkinson, B.L. Woodworth, P.J. Hart and D.C. Duffy. 2011. The dynamics, transmission, and population impacts of avian malaria in native Hawaiian birds: a modeling approach. Ecological Applications. 21 (8):2960-2973 

Duffy, D.C. 2011. No Room in the Ark? Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania. Pacific Conservation Biology . 17:192-200 

Duffy, D.C. 2010. Changing Seabird Management in Hawai'i: From Exploitation through
Management to Restoration. Waterbirds. 33(2):193-207

Duffy, D.C. and L. Elliott. 2010. Oil and Hawaiian Seabirds. Elepaio. 70(6): 41-43

Kraus, F. and D.C. Duffy. 2010. A successful model from Hawaii for rapid response to invasive species. Journal for Nature Conservation. 18: 135-141

Lepczyk, C.A., N. Dauphine, D.M. Bird, S. Conant, R.J. Cooper, D.C. Duffy, P.J. Hatley, P.P. Marra, E. Stobe abd S.A. Temple. 2009. What Conservation Biologists Can Do to Counter Trap-Neuter-Return: Response to Longcore et al. Conservation Biology. 24(2): 627-629

Young, L.C., C. Vanderlip, D.C. Duffy, V. Afanasyev and S.A. Shaffer. 2009. Bringing Home the Trash: Do Colony-Based Differences in Foraging Distribution Lead to Increased Plastic Ingestion in Laysan Albatrosses? PLoS ONE 4(10): e7623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007623

Hebshi, A., D.C. Duffy and K.D. Hyrenbach. 2008. Associations between seabirds and subsurface predators around Oahu, Hawaii. Aquatic Biology. 4: 89-98

Duffy, D.C. and F. Kraus. 2008. Taking Medawar's medicine: science as the art of the soluble for Hawaii's terrestrial extinction crisis. Pacific Conservation Biology 14: 80-88 (request reprint)

Foster, J.T., B.L. Woodworth, L.E. Eggert, P.J. Hart, D. Palmer, D.C. Duffy and R.C. Fleischer. 2007. Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and the origins of resistant populations of Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Molecular Ecology 16: 4738-4746

Duffy, D.C., S. Conant, S.F. Dunbar, N.W. Yeung, J.M. Hawhee, W.A. Kuntz, S.M. Plentovich, K.L. Krend, V.K., Stein, K.R. Buholm, H.L. Spalding, M. Parker, M.L. Dailer, and L.E. Kozloff. July 2006 Hawaii Conservation Conference Poster: Can plan or no can plan? Review of natural resource management planning in Hawaii. Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, HI

Porter, W.P., N. Vakharia, W.D. Klousie, and D.C. Duffy. 2006. Po'ouli landscape bioinformatics models predict energetics, behavior, diets, and distribution on Maui. From the symposium "Ecophysiology and Conservation: The Contributions of Energetics" presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative Biology, January 4-8, 2006 at Orlando, FL.

Duffy, D.C. and F. Kraus. May 2006. Science and the Art of the Solvable in Hawaii's Extinction Crisis. Environment Hawaii 16(11)1: 3-6. View complete text in html format

Woodworth, B.L., C.T. Atkinson, D.A. LaPointe, P.J. Hart, C.S. Spiegel, E.J. Tweed, C. Henneman, J. LeBrun, T. Denette, R. Demots, K.L. Kozar, D. Trigilia, D. Lease, A. Gregor, T. Smith, and D.C. Duffy. 2005. Host population persistence in the face of introduced vector-borne diseases: Hawaii amakihi and avian malaria. Proc. of the Nat. Acad. of Sciences. 102(5): 1531-1536

Duffy, D.C., K. Boggs. R.H. Hagenstein, R. Lipkin and J.A. Michaelson. 1999. Landscape assessment of Alaska's terrestrial biodiversity. Conservation Biology. 13(6): 1332-1343

Meier, A.J., S.P. Bratton and D.C. Duffy. 1996. Biodiversity in the herbacious layer and salamanders in Appalachian primary forests. In M. Byrd (Ed.) Eastern Old Growth Forests. Island Press. Washington, DC. pp. 49-64

Duffy, D.C. and L. Hoch. 1995. Probable breeding of the red-billed tropicbird in Costa Rica. Colonial Waterbirds. 18(2): 211-215

Meier, A.J., S.P. Bratton and D.C. Duffy. 1995. Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forest. Ecological Applications. 5: 935-946

Olsen, B., D.C. Duffy, T.G.T. Jaenson, A. Gylfe, J. Bonnedahl and S. Bergstrom. December 1995. Transhemispheric exchange of Lyme disease spirochetes by seabirds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 33(12): 3270-3274

Nettleship, D.N. and D.C. Duffy. 1995. Epilogue: cormorants, humans and the symposium process. Colonial Waterbirds. 18 (Special Publication 1): 255-256

Wilson, R.P., D.C. Duffy, M.P. Wilson and B. Araya. 1995. Aspects of the ecology of species replacement in Humbolt and Magellanic penguins in Chile. Le Gerfaut. 85: 49-61

Nettleship, D.N. and D.C. Duffy. 1995. Cormorants and human interactions: an introduction. Colonial Waterbirds. 18 (Special Publication 1): 3-6

Duffy, D.C. 1995. Why is the Double-crested Cormorant a Problem? Insights from Cormorant Ecology and Human Sociology. Colonial Waterbirds. 18 (Special Publication 1): 25-32

Duffy, D.C. 1995. Apparent river otter predation at an Aleutian tern colony. Colonial Waterbirds. 18(1): 91-92

Duffy, D.C. 1994. Afterwards: an agenda for managing seabirds and islands. BirdLife Conservation Series. 1: 311-318 

Grant, W.S., D.C. Duffy and R.W. Leslie. 1994. Allozyme Phylogeny of Spheniscus Penguins. The Auk. 111(3): 716-720

Duffy, D.C., D. D. Clark, S.R. Campbell, S. Gurney, R. Perello and N. Simon. 1994. Landscape patterns of abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) on Shelter Island, New York. Journal of Medical Entomology. 31(6): 875-879

Duffy, D.C., S.R. Campbell, D. Clark, C. DiMotta and S. Guerney. 1994. Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixoidae) deer ticks mesoscale populations in natural areas: effects of deer, area and location. Journal of Medical Entomology. 31: 152-158

Duffy, D.C. 1994. The guano islands of Peru: the once and future management of a renewable resource. BirdLife Conservation Series. 1: 68-76

Duffy, D.C. 1994. Toward a world strategy for seabird sanctuaries. Colonial Waterbirds. 17(2): 200-206

Duffy, D.C. and S.R. Campbell. 1994. Ambient air temperature as a predictor of activity of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixoidae) on Shelter Island, New York. Journal of Medical Entomology. 31: 875-879

Duffy, D.C. and Schneider. 1994. Seabird-fishery interactions: a manger's guide. In D. N. Nettleship, J. Burger and M. Gochfeld (Eds.). Seabirds on islands : threats, case studies and action plans : proceedings of the Seabird Specialist Group Workshop held at the XX World Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 19-20 November 1990.

Duffy, D.C. 1993. Herbs and Clearcutting: Reply to Elliot and Loftis and Steinbeck. Conservation Biology. 7(2): 221-223

Mather, T.N., D.C. Duffy and S.R. Campbell. 1993. An Unexpected Result from Burning Vegetation to Reduce Lyme Disease Transmission Risks. Journal of Medical Entomology. 30(3): 642-645

Duffy, D.C. 1993. Seeing the forest for the trees: response to Johnson et al. Conservation Biology. 7(2): 436-439

Duffy, D.C. 1993. Stalking the Southern oscillation: environmental uncertainty, climate change and North Pacific seabirds. IN Vermeer, K., K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan and D. Siegel-Causey (Eds.). The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific. Special publication of the Canadian Wildlife Service. pp. 61-67

Via, J. and D.C. Duffy. 1992. Gull-billed Tern Sterna nilotica. In K. J. Schneider and D. M. Pence, (Eds.). Migratory nongame birds of management concern in the Northeast. U.S. Department of the Interior – Fish and Wildlife Service, Newton Corner, MA. pp.1-13

Duffy, D.C. and D.N. Nettleship. 1992. Seabirds: management problems and research opportunities. In: D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett (eds.), Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. pp. 525-546

Schneider, D.C., D.C. Duffy, A.D. MacCall, and D.W. Anderson. 1992. Seabird-fisheries interactions: evaluation with dimensionless ratios. In: D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett (eds.), Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. pp. 602-615

Duffy, D.C. 1992. Biodiversity and Research on Seabirds. Colonial Waterbirds. 15(1): 155- 158

Duffy, D.C. 1992. The effectiveness of Helmeted Guineafowl in the control of the deer tick, the vector of Lyme disease. Wilson Bulletin. 104(2): 342-345

Duffy, D.C. and A.J. Meier. 1992. Do Appalachian herbacious understories ever recover from clearcutting? Conservation Biology. 6: 196-201

Duffy, D.C. 1991. Field Studies of Spheniscus Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter. Pages 10-21

Duffy, D.C. 1991. Ants, ticks and nesting seabirds: dynamic interactions? IN Loye, J.E. and M. Zuk (Eds.) Bird-parasite Interactions: Ecology, Evolution and Behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 242-257

Duffy, D.C. 1990. Seabirds and the 1982-1984 El Nino/Southern Oscillation. IN Glynn, P. W. ED. Global ecological consequences of the 1982/83 El Nino Southern Oscillation. Elsevier. pp. 395-415

Duffy, D.C. 1990. Climate Change, rising sea level and the Galapagos. World Wildlife Fund Special Report on Climate Change. pp. 6-7

Duffy, D.C. November 1989. Letter to the editor. E. coli rights. New Scientist. 1691: 71

Duffy, D.C. 1989. William Vogt: a pilgrim on the road to survival. American Birds. New Series. 43 (9): 1256-1257 

Duffy, D.C. 1989. Letter to the editor. Carbon-Sequestering Science: An Alternative to "Pesky Electronics"? Science. New Series. 244(4907): 904

Duffy, D.C. 1989. Seabird foraging aggregations: a comparison of two southern upwellings. Colonial Waterbirds. 12(2): 164-179

Wilson, R.P., M.P. Wilson, D.C. Duffy, M.B. Araya and N. Klages. 1989. Diving behavior and prey of the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Journal-fuer-orthnithologie. 130(1): 75-79

Wilson, R.P., M.T. Wilson and D.C. Duffy. 1988. Contemporary and Historical Patterns of African Penguin Spheniscus demersus: Distribution at Sea . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 26: 447-458

Duffy, D.C. 1988. Predator-prey interactions between common terns and butterfish. Ornis Scandinavica. 19: 160-163

Duffy, D.C., Arntz, Tovar, Boersma and Norton. 1988. The effects of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation on seabirds in the Atlantic Ocean compared to the events in Peru. Acta XIX Ino. Ornith. Congress. pp. 1740-1746

Duffy, D.C., Heseltine and La Cock. 1988. Food size and aggressive interactions between two species of gulls: an experimental approach to resource partitioning. Ostrich. 58: 164-167

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. January 1988. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 3(1)

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. August 1988. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 3(2)

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. December 1988. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 3(3)

Duffy, D.C. and Wissel. 1988. Models of fish school size in relation to environmental productivity. Ecological Modeling. 40: 201-211

Schneider, D.C., D.C. Duffy and G.L. Hunt, Jr. 1988. Cross-shelf gradients in the abundance of pelagic birds. IN Ouellet, H. (Ed.) Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici Volume I. Published for National Museum of Natural Sciences by University of Ottawa Press. pp. 976-981 

Butterworth, D.S., D.C. Duffy, P.B. Best and M.O. Bergh. 1988. On the scientific basis for reducing the South African seal population. South African Journal of Science. 84: 179-188

Duffy, D.C., R.P. Wilson, R.E. Wicklefs, S.C. Broni and H. Veldhuis. 1987. Penguins and purse seiners: competition or coexistence? National Geographic. 3(4): 480-488

Araya. B. and D.C. Duffy. Animal introductions to Isla Chanaral, Chile: Their history and effect on seabirds. 1987. Cormorant 15: 3-6 

Duffy, D.C. 1987. Aspects of the Ecology of Blue-footed and Peruvian Boobies at the Limits of their Ranges on Isla Lobos de Tierra, Peru. Colonial Waterbirds. 10 (1): 45-49

Duffy, D.C., W.R. Siegfried and S. Jackson. 1987. Seabirds as consumers in the southern Benguela region. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 5: 771-790

Duffy, D.C., F.S. Todd and W.R. Siegfried. Submarine foraging behavior of Alcids in an artifical environment. Zoo Biology. 6: 373-378

Walter, C.B., D.C. Duffy, J. Cooper and W. Suter. 1987. Cape anchovy in swift tern diets and fishery landings in the Benguela upwelling region, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 17(4): 139-142

Duffy, D.C. and A. Daturi. 1987. Diel rhythms of tick parasitism on incubating African penguins. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1: 103-106

Duffy, D.C. and W.R. Siegfried. 1987. Historical variations in food consumption by breeding seabirds of the Humboldt and Benguela upwelling regions. IN Croxall, J. P. (Ed.) Seabirds: feeding biology and role in marine ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. pp. 327-346

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. May 1987. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 2(1)

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. August 1987. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 2(2)

Jackson, S., D.C. Duffy and J.F.G. Jenkins. 1987. Gastric digestion in marine vertebrate predators: in vitro standards. Functional Ecology. 1: 287-291

Duffy, D.C., R.P. Wilson, and M.P. Wilson. 1987. Spatial and temporal change in the diet of the Cape cormorant off the coast of Southern Africa. The Condor. 89: 830-834

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Foraging at patches: interactions between Common and Roseate
Terns. Ornis Scandinavica 17: 47-52 

Wilson, R.P., W.S. Grant and D.C. Duffy. 1986. Recording devices on free-ranging marine animals: Does measurement affect foraging performance? Ecology 67(4): 1091-1093

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Seabirds and commercial fisheries: research at the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology. Bokmakierie. 38(1): 10-12

Duffy, D.C. and S. Jackson. 1986. Diet studies of seabirds: A review of methods. Colonial Waterbirds. 9: 1-17

Laugksch, R.C. and D.C. Duffy. 1986. Food transit rates in cape gannets and jackass penguins. The Condor 88: 117-119

Duffy, D. C. and M. J. C. Duffy. 1986. Tick parasitism at nesting colonies of blue-footed boobies in Peru and the Galapagos. The Condor. 88: 242-244

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Seabird densities and aggregations during the 1983 El Nino in the Galapagos Islands. Wilson Bulletin. 98 (4): 588-591

Duffy, D.C. and M.J. Duffy. May 1986. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 1(1)

Duffy, D.C., M.J. Duffy and Coulter. August 1986. Boletin de Aves Marinas Latinoamericanas. 1(2)

Duffy, D.C. 1986. Galapagos literature - fact and fantasy. Noticias de Galapagos 44: 18-20 

Wilson, R.P. and D.C. Duffy. 1986. Short Note. Prey seizing in African penguins Spheniscus demersus. Ardea. 74: 211-214

S.C. Broni , M. Kaicener , D.C. Duffy. Autumn 1985. The Effect of Wind Direction on Numbers of Seabirds Seen During Shipboard Transects. Journal of Field Ornithology 54(4): 411-412. 

Duffy, D.C. and Percy Fitzpatrick. Spring 1985. A penguin puzzle. Quagga 11: 8-9. 

Duffy, D.C. and Graeme D. LaCock. 1985. Partitioning of nesting space among seabirds of the Benguela upwelling region. Ostrich 56: 186-201. 

Schneider, D.C. and D.C. Duffy. 1985. Scale-dependent variability in seabird abundance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25: 211-218

Duffy, D.C., Wilson and Berruti. 1985. Anchovy in the diets of Dyer Island Penguins: a tests of two models of anchovy distribution. South African Journal of Science. 81: 552-554

Duffy, D.C. Coppelia Hays and Manuel A. Plenge. 1984. The Conservation Status of Peruvian Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 2: 245-259

R. C. Laugksch & D.C. Duffy. 1984.  Energetics equations and food consumption of seabirds in two marine upwelling areas: comparisons and the need for standardization, South African Journal of Marine Science, 2:1, 145-148

Duffy, D.C. and T. Hecht. 1984. Ship-followers and seabirds counts: observer's distance from stern may affect counts. Cormorant No. 12: 44-88

Duffy, D.C. and T. Hecht. 1984. Nest site selection by masked and blue-footed boobies on Isla Espanola, Galapagos. The Condor 86: 301-304

Duffy, D.C. 1984. Nest site selection by masked and blue-footed boobies on Isla Espanola, Galapagos. The Condor 86: 301-304

Ricklefs, Duffy, D.C. and Coulter. 1984. Weight gain of blue-footed booby chicks: an indication of marine resources. Ornis Scandinavica. 15: 162-166

Duffy, D.C. July 1983. Competition for nesting space among Peruvian guano birds. The Auk. 100: 680-668

Duffy, D.C. 1983. Environmental uncertainty and commercial fishing: effects on Peruvian guano birds. Biological Conservation. 26: 227-238

Duffy, D.C. 1983. The foraging ecology of Peruvian seabirds. Auk. 100: 800-810

Duffy, D. C. 1983. The ecology of tick parasitism on densely nesting Peruvian seabirds. Ecology. 64(1): 110-119

Duffy, D.C. and A.J. Boyd. 1983. Anchovy distribution and migration. South African Journal of Science. 79: 387-388

Duffy, D.C. and L.J.B. Laurenson. 1983. Pellets of Cape cormorants as indicators of diet. Condor. 85: 305-307

Duffy, D.C. 1982. Seasnakes in Galapagos. Noticias de Galapagos 35: 23-23 

Duffy, D.C. 1981. A master plan for ornithology in the Galapagos Islands. Noticias de Galapagos 34: 10-16 

Duffy, D.C. and R.E. Ricklefs. 1981. Observations on Growth of Blue-footed Boobies and Development of Temperature Regulation in Peruvian Guano Bird. Journal of Field Ornithology. 52 (4): 332-336

Duffy, D.C. N. Atkins and D.C. Schneider. 1981. Do shorebirds compete on their wintering grounds? Auk. 98: 215-229

Duffy, D.C. 1981. Water water anywhere: The search for the potable in Galapagos. Noticias de Galapagos 34: 19-19

Duffy, D.C. 1981. Ferals that Failed. Noticias de Galapagos 33: 21-22

Duffy, D. and S. Harcourt. 1980. An investigation of avian pox disease: its distribution and effects on Galapagos birds. pp. 108-111 in D. C. Duffy, D. J. Reynaolds, and M. J. Campos(eds.) Annual Report. 1980. Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz Island,
Galapagos, Ecuador

Duffy, D.C. and N. Atkins. 1979. A second breeding record for the grey-hooded gull (Larus
cerrocephalus) on the coast of Peru. Condor. 81: 219

Duffy, D.C. October 1979. Human Disturbance and Breeding Birds. The Auk. 96 (4): 815-816

Duffy, D.C. October 1977. Breeding Populations of Terns and Skimmers on Long Island Sound and Eastern Long Island: 1972-1975. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York for three years ending March 1977: 1-48

Duffy, D.C. 1977. Incidence of Oil Contamination on Breeding Common Tern. Bird-Banding. 48 (4): 170-171

Duffy, D.C. October 1976. Snowy Owl steals prey from Marsh Hawk. The Auk. 93 (4): 839-840