Apply the OLP in these units http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/ en Structure and Function - Fish http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Structure and Function - Fish</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Title</div> <div class="field__item"><h2 class="page-title">Structure and Function - Fish</h2> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <a title="View user profile." href="/exploringourfluidearth/users/fyang" class="username">fyang</a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 12/14/2017 - 11:43</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">NGSS Performance Expectations</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/ms-ls1-3-use-argument-supported-evidence-how-body-system-interacting-subsystems-composed-groups" hreflang="en">MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/ms-ls1-5-construct-scientific-explanation-based-evidence-how-environmental-and-genetic-factors" hreflang="en">MS-LS1-5 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/ms-ls4-2-apply-scientific-ideas-construct-explanation-anatomical-similarities-and-differences-among" hreflang="en">MS-LS4-2 Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/hs-ls1-2-develop-and-use-model-illustrate-hierarchical-organization-interacting-systems-provide" hreflang="en">HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/hs-ls4-1-communicate-scientific-information-common-ancestry-and-biological-evolution-are-supported" hreflang="en">HS-LS4-1 Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe-linking field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">NGSS PE Linking Sentence</div> <div class="field__item">The content and activities in this topic will work towards building an understanding of the structure and function of fishes within the world ocean.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Body</div> <div class="field__item"><h2>External Anatomy of Fishes</h2> <p><strong>Anatomy </strong>is the study of an organism’s structures. Fishes come in a diverse array of forms, many with special modifications. The shape, size, and structure of body parts permit different fishes to live in different environments or in different parts of the same environment. The external anatomy of a fish can reveal a great deal about where and how it lives.</p> <p> </p> <p>When describing the basic anatomy of an organism, it is useful to have some common terms to help with orientation. Just as a map uses north, south, east, or west to help determine the location, orientation words are useful in describing anatomy. Table 4.3 defines common anatomy terms, Fig. 4.18 shows their orientation on three different animals.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.18-CommonAnatomyTerms_web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.18-CommonAnatomyTerms_web.jpg?itok=kog0OpWE" width="590" height="204" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.008px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.18.&lt;/strong&gt; Common orientation terms applied to three different animals: a billfish, a horse, and a person.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Byron Inouye&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><span style="font-size: 13.008px;"><strong>Fig. 4.18.</strong> Common orientation terms applied to three different animals: a billfish, a horse, and a person.</span></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image by Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><caption style="text-align: left;"><strong>Table 4.3.</strong> Anatomy position words</caption> <thead><tr><th scope="col">Anatomy Word</th> <th scope="col">...of the organism</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Anterior</td> <td>The head end...</td> </tr><tr><td>Posterior</td> <td>The tail end...</td> </tr><tr><td>Dorsal</td> <td>The back</td> </tr><tr><td>Ventral</td> <td>The front or belly</td> </tr><tr><td>Lateral</td> <td>The side or flank</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <p>Scientists measure and describe the external features of fishes to identify species, assess age and health, and learn about structure and function. Scientists work with a variety of types of fishes to do this. They might use a fresh fish, or they may use photographs, scientific drawings, or other kinds of detailed images–even fish fossils.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.19-Gyotaku.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.19-Gyotaku.jpg?itok=_V0LiSBc" width="290" height="185" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.19.&lt;/strong&gt; A &lt;em&gt;gyotaku &lt;/em&gt;print of a longtooth grouper&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of J.G. Wang, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yuta.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yuta.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.19.</strong> A <em>gyotaku </em>print of a longtooth grouper</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of J.G. Wang, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yuta.jpg" target="_blank">Flickr</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>One way to document details about a fish is <em>gyotaku</em>. <strong>Gyotaku </strong>(pronounced <em>gee yo TAH koo</em>) is a traditional Japanese method of printmaking, which uses the whole fish. This method can produce an accurate image of a fish (Fig. 4.19).</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Gyotaku </em>is a relatively new art form that developed in Japan, probably in the early- to mid-nineteenth century. <em>Gyotaku </em>means ‘fish rubbing.’ <em>Gyotaku </em>is valued from both a scientific and artistic perspective. The detail captured in <em>gyotaku</em>, especially in historical prints, is an important source of information for scientists who want to know the size and external features of fish in the past. The color and artistic arrangement of <em>gyotaku </em>prints made by skilled artists also make them valuable pieces of art. The oldest known <em>gyotaku </em>print, made in 1862, is owned by the Homma Museum in Sakata, Japan.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </p><div class="action-background"> <div id="node-686" class="node node-activity-page special-feature-type-activity contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e7c4b55e-6076-4478-83a9-bc933ba1cb95" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Activity</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish/activity-fish-printing-form-and-function" hreflang="und">Fish Printing for Form and Function</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p>Use your observation and investigation skills to investigate fish form and function by experimenting with ways of making gyotaku fish prints. </p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1750" class="node node-special-feature-page special-feature-type-practices-of-science contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="871582a7-ebd6-4495-97db-c57648c52b0e" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Practices of Science</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish/practices-science-scientific-drawing" hreflang="und">Scientific Drawing</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p></p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div><p> </p> <h2>Body Form</h2> <p>Perches are the most common type of bony fishes. As a result, people often use the words <em>perch-like</em> to describe a generic fish shape. (Fig. 4.21 A). Fusiform is the scientific term used to describe the perch’s streamlined, torpedo shaped body. <strong>Compressiform </strong>means laterally flattened (Fig. 4.21 B). <strong>Depressiform </strong>means dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 4.21 C). <strong>Anguilliform </strong>means eel-like (Fig. 4.21 D). See Table 4.4 for additional descriptions of fish body shapes.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M3U2-Fig3.18A-Perch.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M3U2-Fig3.18A-Perch.jpg?itok=g6t0Uj72" width="290" height="228" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.21.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) Perch (fusiform-torpedo shape)&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image Courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YellowPerch.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YellowPerch.jpg&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.21.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) Perch (fusiform-torpedo shape)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YellowPerch.jpg">USDA</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M3U2-Fig3.18B-angelfish.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M3U2-Fig3.18B-angelfish.jpg?itok=h600Duy3" width="290" height="228" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.21.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;(B) Angelfish (compressiform-flat side to side)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image Courtesy of National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/sanc0428.htm&quot; href=&quot;http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/sanc0428.htm&quot;&gt;NOAA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.21. </strong>(B) Angelfish (compressiform-flat side to side)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (<a href="http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/sanc0428.htm">NOAA</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M3U2-Fig3.18C-Flounder.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M3U2-Fig3.18C-Flounder.jpg?itok=kCScMRZ-" width="290" height="228" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.21.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) Flounder (depressiform-flat top to bottom)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 1.538em;&quot;&gt;Katie Samuelson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.21.</strong> (<strong>C</strong>) Flounder (depressiform-flat top to bottom)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <span style="line-height: 1.538em;">Katie Samuelson</span></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/M3U2-Fig3.18D-eel.JPG" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/M3U2-Fig3.18D-eel.JPG?itok=qTaMsP7o" width="290" height="228" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.21.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;) Eel (anguiliform-eel like)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muraena_helena.2_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae_edit.JPG&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muraena_helena.2_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae_edit.JPG&quot;&gt;Drow male&lt;/a&gt;, Wikimedia Commons&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.21.</strong> (<strong>D</strong>) Eel (anguiliform-eel like)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muraena_helena.2_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae_edit.JPG">Drow male</a>, Wikimedia Commons</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Table 4.4. </strong> Fish form and function: body shape</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Diagram of Body</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image1.jpg?itok=ez_qQ6Hk" width="135" height="61" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Anguiliform (eel shape)</td> <td>Maneuvering in crevasses</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image2.jpg?itok=sB6ojeCP" width="135" height="62" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Fusiform (bullet, or torpedo shape)</td> <td>Lowering frictional resistance in fast swimmers</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image3.jpg?itok=qT-Ho0es" width="135" height="75" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Depressiform (broad shape and flat top to bottom)</td> <td>Lying on or below the surface of the sand</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image4.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image4.jpg?itok=r4Qn6DqE" width="135" height="67" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Compressiform (tall, thin shape and flat side to side)</td> <td>Entering vertical crevices</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image5.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image5.jpg?itok=idTghTu7" width="135" height="58" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Vertically flattened shape that is somewhat depressiform (flat top to bottom)</td> <td>Bottom heavy for sitting on the bottom, not casting a shadow</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image6.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image6.jpg?itok=HePbBU9E" width="135" height="61" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Fusiform (bullet, or torpedo shape), which is also sometimes called perch like</td> <td>General all-purpose shape</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.4_Image7.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T4.4_Image7.jpg?itok=7gmJYdej" width="135" height="47" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Elongated shape that is somewhat anguiliform (eel shape)</td> <td>Ambush predators</td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Images by Byron Inouye</p> <h2>Fish Fins</h2> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.9B-SoldierfishAnatomy_web.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.9B-SoldierfishAnatomy_web.png?itok=vTTQQcOF" width="290" height="189" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.9.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) Anatomy of a soldierfish, &lt;em&gt;Myripristis &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;berndti&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Byron Inouye&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.9.</strong> (<strong>B</strong>) Anatomy of a soldierfish, <em>Myripristis </em><em>berndti</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image by Byron Inouye</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The first anatomical structures many people identify on a fish are the fins. In fact, “appendages, when present, as fins” is part of one of the scientific definitions of a fish. Most fish have two kinds of fins: median and paired.</p> <p><strong>Median fins</strong> are single fins that run down the midline of the body. The dorsal fin is a median fin located on the dorsal side of the fish. The anal fin and caudal fin are also median fins. <strong>Paired fins</strong> are arranged in pairs, like human arms and legs. The pelvic and pectoral fins are both paired fins. (Table 4.5).</p> <p><strong>Table 4.5. </strong>Fish form and function: dorsal fin features</p> <table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">DORSAL FIN DIAGRAM</th> <th scope="col">DESCRIPTION</th> <th scope="col">ADAPTED FUNCTION</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T6.2_7_03.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T6.2_7_03.jpg?itok=lPv9t9Yi" width="135" height="61" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Spiny and soft-rayed dorsal fin.</td> <td>Flared to make the fish look bigger</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T6.2_7_06.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T6.2_7_06.jpg?itok=xODVidce" width="135" height="105" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tucked dorsal fin</td> <td>Reduces drag in fast swimming fish</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T6.2_7_08.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T6.2_7_08.jpg?itok=NRnw-2My" width="135" height="109" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Locking spiny dorsal fin</td> <td>Locking fish into coral crevices</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T6.2_7_10.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/T6.2_7_10.jpg?itok=chYV3RX0" width="135" height="70" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Very long dorsal fin</td> <td>Snake-like locomotion</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Cod.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/Cod.png?itok=bT6_00Ai" width="135" height="42" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Three dorsal fins</td> <td>Locomotion</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-small.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-small.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-small"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/01%20Finless%20Eel.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/quarter_200w_/public/01%20Finless%20Eel.jpg?itok=KnU37MrG" width="135" height="46" class="image-style-quarter-200w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>No dorsal fin</td> <td>Snake-like locomotion</td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Images by Byron Inouye</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Median Fins</strong></p> <p>Median fins, like the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, can function like the keel of a boat and aid in stabilization (Fig. 4.22 A). Median fins can also serve other purposes, like protection in the lion fish (Fig. 4.22 B).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.22A-Keel_web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.22A-Keel_web.jpg?itok=fxCh7iFJ" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.22. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; The keel of boat stabilizes the boat, similar to a fish’s anal fin&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Brother Magneto &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/brothermagneto/2794185484/&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/brothermagneto/2794185484/&quot;&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.22. (A)</strong> The keel of boat stabilizes the boat, similar to a fish’s anal fin</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Brother Magneto <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brothermagneto/2794185484/">Flickr</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.22B-LionfishFin_web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.22B-LionfishFin_web.jpg?itok=To7WbnDj" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.22&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.(&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B)&lt;/strong&gt; The dorsal fin of a lionfish has spines and poison for protection&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.22</strong><strong>.(</strong><strong>B)</strong> The dorsal fin of a lionfish has spines and poison for protection</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p><strong>Caudal (Tail) Fin</strong></p> <p>The <strong>caudal fin</strong> is known commonly as the tail fin (Table 4.6). It is the primary appendage used for locomotion in many fishes. The caudal fin is also a median fin (Fig. 4.22 A).</p> <p>The <strong>caudal peduncle</strong> is the base of the caudal fin. Peduncle means stem, and the caudal peduncle is where the strong swimming muscles of the tail are found. Together, the caudal fin acts like a “propeller” for the fish, and the caudal peduncle acts like a motor.</p> <p><b><b><strong style="text-align: center; font-size: 13.008px;">Table 4.6. </strong></b></b><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 13.008px;">Fish form and function: Caudal fin features</span></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col"><b><b>Tail Diagram</b></b></th> <th scope="col"><b><b>Description</b></b></th> <th scope="col"><b><b>Adapted Function</b></b></th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><b><b> </b></b> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.6_Image1.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.6_Image1.png?itok=sU8OQekf" width="135" height="65" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Rounded tail</td> <td>Slow swimming, accelerating, and maneuvering</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.6_Image2.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.6_Image2.png?itok=x0CWsWXP" width="135" height="65" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Truncated (triangular) tail</td> <td>Turning quickly</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.6_Image3.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.6_Image3.png?itok=r4LpyE1V" width="135" height="64" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Lunate (moon shaped) tail</td> <td>Continuous long distance swimming</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.6_Image4.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.6_Image4.png?itok=Ja7HnupT" width="135" height="59" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Forked tail</td> <td>Rapid swimming, somewhat sustained with bursts of speed</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.6_Image5.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.6_Image5.png?itok=VPSDhiIf" width="135" height="48" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Heteroceral (taller upper lobe) tail</td> <td>Slow or rapid swimming with bursts of speed</td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Images by Byron Inouye</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.24A_web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.24A_web.jpg?itok=XWB_tDer" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.25. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; trout showing two dorsal fins on top and, from left to right, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo courtesy of the Wild Center &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewildcenter/6966690766/in/photostream/&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewildcenter/6966690766/in/photostream/&quot;&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.25. (A)</strong> trout showing two dorsal fins on top and, from left to right, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of the Wild Center <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewildcenter/6966690766/in/photostream/">Flickr</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.25B_web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.25B_web.jpg?itok=AeS4aE8_" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.25. (B)&lt;/strong&gt; wrasse&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.25. (B)</strong> wrasse</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paired Fins</strong></p> <p>Fish have two sets of paired fins: pectoral and pelvic (Fig 4.25). The <strong>pectoral fins</strong> are vertical and are located on the sides of the fish, usually just past the operculum (Table 4.7). Pectoral fins are similar to human arms, which are found near the pectoral muscles. Many fish, such as reef fish like wrasses (Fig. 4.25 B), use their pectoral fins for locomotion.</p> <p><strong>Table 4.7.</strong> Fish form and function: Pectoral fin features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Pectoral Fin Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image1%20.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image1%20.png?itok=xhoI5mXH" width="135" height="65" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Fringe-like pectoral fins</td> <td>Probing substrate</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image2.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image2.png?itok=HUDvB4HG" width="135" height="79" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Spiny pectoral fins</td> <td>Propping on substrate</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image3.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image3.png?itok=bzQlZh0y" width="135" height="88" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Hand-like pectoral fins</td> <td>Crawling on substrate</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image4.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image4.png?itok=DbZ2meXi" width="135" height="86" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Wing-like pectoral fins</td> <td>Soaring and swimming</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image5.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image5.png?itok=iOxSmnvX" width="135" height="53" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>No pectoral fins</td> <td>Snake-like swimming</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.7_Image6.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.7_Image6.png?itok=PWV_KcuU" width="135" height="57" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Normal size pectoral fins</td> <td>Maneuvering</td> </tr></tbody></table><p>Images by Byron Inouye</p> <p>The <strong>pelvic fins</strong> sit horizontally on the ventral side of the fish, past the pectoral fins (Table 4.8). Pelvic fins are similar to legs. Just like human legs, pelvic fins are associated with the pelvis of the fish.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 4.8.</strong> Fish form and function: Pelvic Fin Features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Pelvic Fin Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.8_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.8_Image1.jpg?itok=mUXO2jF-" width="135" height="74" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Sucker-like pelvic fins</td> <td>Grabbing rocks by sucktion</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.8_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.8_Image2.jpg?itok=r5qm9U4L" width="135" height="70" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Thickened rays on pelvic fins</td> <td>Sitting on substrate</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.8_Image3.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.8_Image3.png?itok=X02nnXK2" width="135" height="113" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Moderate sized pelvic fins</td> <td>Locomotion</td> </tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Unique and Specialized Fins</strong></p> <p>Paired fins are most commonly used for maneuvering, like the oars on a rowboat. However, both the pectoral and pelvic fins can also be highly specialized like those of the flying fish (Fig. 4.26 A). Unique combinations of other fins can also help fish to be even more specialized, like the pectoral and anal fins of a box fish (Fig. 4.26 B; see Table 4.9) .</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.26A.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.26A.jpg?itok=DkPnXC2C" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.26. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; Flying fish with highly specialized pectoral and pelvic fins for flying&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Theron Trowbridge &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/therontrowbridge/8152593248/&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/therontrowbridge/8152593248/&quot;&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.26. (A)</strong> Flying fish with highly specialized pectoral and pelvic fins for flying</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Theron Trowbridge <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/therontrowbridge/8152593248/">Flickr</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.26B.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.26B.jpg?itok=9uQdZ9AI" width="290" height="217" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.26 (B)&lt;/strong&gt; Spotted boxfish with specialized dorsal and anal fins for moving its boxy body&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.26 (B)</strong> Spotted boxfish with specialized dorsal and anal fins for moving its boxy body</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 4.9</strong>. Fish form and function: Combinations of Fins</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Fin Combination Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Table4.9-Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Table4.9-Image1.jpg?itok=GRKU8Bb7" width="135" height="58" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Dorsal and anal fins</td> <td>Modified to increase propulsion</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Table4.9-Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Table4.9-Image2.jpg?itok=bg4UQ4Ax" width="135" height="68" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Pectoral and tail fins</td> <td>Modified for soaring in air</td> </tr></tbody></table><h2><strong>Spines and Rays</strong></h2> <p>Scientists use fins to help identify and classify fish species. In more evolutionarily advanced fish, the fins are supported by bony structures: spines and soft rays. <strong>Spines</strong> are simple, unbranched, structures. <strong>Soft rays</strong> are compound, segmented, and branched structures (Fig. 4.27).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig%204.27A.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig%204.27A.jpg?itok=laIloBak" width="290" height="193" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.27. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; The elongated dorsal fin of a common carp, with 1 spine and 15-22 soft rays.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of John Lyons, University of Wisconsin Sea Grant&amp;nbsp;http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=605&amp;amp;FishID=33&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.27. (A)</strong> The elongated dorsal fin of a common carp, with 1 spine and 15-22 soft rays.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of John Lyons, University of Wisconsin Sea Grant <a href="http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=605&amp;FishID=33">http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/home/Default.aspx?tabid=605&amp;FishID=33</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.27B.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.27B.jpg?itok=qp9jZxrx" width="290" height="351" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A dorsal fin drawing of a soldierfish’s second dorsal fin, showing fin spines (unbranched) and rays (branched and softer than spines).&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A dorsal fin drawing of a soldierfish’s second dorsal fin, showing fin spines (unbranched) and rays (branched and softer than spines).</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <h2><strong>The Mouth</strong></h2> <p>The mouth is at the front, or anterior end, of the fish. The mouth can reveal a lot about the fish’s feeding habits (Table 4.10). The size, shape, and placement of the mouth, combined with the type of teeth, provide critical information about the feeding habits of a fish (Table 4.11).</p> <p>For example, a fish with a mouth on the bottom of its head often feeds by digging in the bottom sediment (Fig. 4.28 A). A fish with a mouth oriented upward usually feeds in the water column, or even above the water (Fig. 4.28 B). When a fish has its mouth open, the front lip may slide down and out from the mouth. This sliding action of the mouth can help the fish create a vacuum and quickly suck in a big mouthful of water, which hopefully also includes prey!</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig. 4.28. (A)</strong> A bottom facing mouth indicates bottom feeding preferences in the sturgeon.<strong> (B)</strong> An upward facing mouth shows the surface feeding adaptation of the arowana.</p> <p><strong>Table 4.10.</strong> Fish form and function: Mouth Features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Mouth Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image1.jpg?itok=ZT_Bhx3u" width="135" height="135" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Jawless</td> <td>Scavenging or parasitic behavior</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image2.jpg?itok=MiKzPnwo" width="135" height="81" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tweezer-like snout</td> <td>Poking into crevices</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image3.jpg?itok=pRLx-pod" width="135" height="54" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Suction tube</td> <td>Slurping in prey</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image4.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image4.jpg?itok=THkV2u2h" width="135" height="76" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Large mouth</td> <td>Swallowing large prey</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image5.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image5.jpg?itok=qKxB_tWf" width="135" height="74" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Beak-like teeth</td> <td>Biting hard objects</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.10-Image6.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.10-Image6.jpg?itok=LJgeFaG5" width="135" height="75" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tiny and turned up</td> <td>Capturing plankton</td> </tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Table 4.11.</strong> Fish form and function: Teeth Features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Teeth Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image1.jpg?itok=eRu0uZA-" width="135" height="82" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inoyue</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Pointed</td> <td>Stabbing</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image2.jpg?itok=ofJiUBG7" width="135" height="76" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Comb-like</td> <td>Scraping material off rocks</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image3.jpg?itok=6TWipeP3" width="135" height="97" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Heavy and flat, molar like</td> <td>Grinding</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image4.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image4.jpg?itok=twkbZJo8" width="135" height="78" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Fused like a beak </td> <td>Scraping hard materials off rocks</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image5.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image5.jpg?itok=QE7Q7yo9" width="135" height="62" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Incisor-like</td> <td>Cutting</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.11_Image6.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.11_Image6.jpg?itok=LUldZp93" width="135" height="30" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Broom-like </td> <td>Filtering</td> </tr><tr><td> </td> <td>Steak knife-like</td> <td>Serrated  for sawing</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <h2><strong>Eyes</strong></h2> <p> The eyes of fish resemble human eyes (Fig. 4.29). At the front of each eye is a lens, held in place by a suspensory ligament. The <strong>lens</strong> focuses images of objects on the retina. To bring near and far objects into focus, the lens retractor muscle moves the lens back and forth.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.29.JPG" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.29.JPG?itok=MMldHZ8b" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.29&lt;/strong&gt; Eye of a&amp;nbsp;bigeyed sixgill shark (Hexanchus nakamurai)&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG Images courtesy of Jean-Lou Justine&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#9;Images courtesy of Jean-Lou Justine&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.29</strong> Eye of a bigeyed sixgill shark (Hexanchus nakamurai)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG Images courtesy of Jean-Lou Justine">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG</a><br /> Images courtesy of Jean-Lou Justine</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The <strong>retina</strong> is a light-sensitive membrane rich in nerves that connect to the optic lobes of the brain by optic nerves. When light shines on the nerves of the retina, the <strong>optic nerves</strong> send impulses to the optic lobes. Because fish have no eyelids, their eyes are always open.</p> <p> </p> <p>Some elasmobranchs, and most teleost fishes, have color vision. Some fishes can also see in ultraviolet (UV) light. UV vision is especially useful for reef fishes. UV vision helps fishes in foraging, communication, and mate selection.</p> <p>Elasmobranchs, and some teleosts, also have a tapetum lucidum. The tapetum lucidum is a shiny, reflective structure that reflects light and helps vision in low light situations. The <strong>tapetum lucidum</strong> is what makes the eyes of sharks and deep sea fish, as well as land mammals like cats and cows, shine at night.</p> <p>Fish eyes are usually placed just dorsal of and above the mouth. Just like the mouth of a fish, the size, shape, and position of the eyes can provide information about where a fish lives and what it feeds on. For example, fish predators often have eyes facing forward in order to provide better depth perception. Prey fish, on the other hand, often have eyes on the sides of their bodies. This gives them a larger field of view for avoiding predators. (Table 4.12).</p> <p><strong>Table 4.12. </strong>Fish form and function: Eye Features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Eye Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.12_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.12_Image1.jpg?itok=kH6kRb3E" width="135" height="60" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tiny eyes, head length approximately six times longer than eye width</td> <td>Receiving high intensity light</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.12_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.12_Image2.jpg?itok=inO262EM" width="135" height="82" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Large eyes, head length approximately three times longer than eye width</td> <td>Receiving low intensity light or spotting predators</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.12_Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.12_Image3.jpg?itok=7K0vzUDG" width="135" height="66" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Average eyes head length three to five times longer than eye width</td> <td>Receiving normal intensity light</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.12_Image4.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.12_Image4.jpg?itok=GvwHjS57" width="135" height="65" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tubular eyes</td> <td>Receiving low light from above often in deep water</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.12_Image5.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.12_Image5.jpg?itok=vjqE_KBD" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Eyes on dorsal side of the fish</td> <td>Seeing above</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Nostrils</strong></h2> <p> The sense of smell is well developed in some fishes. Water circulates through openings in the head called <strong>nostrils</strong>. Unlike humans, fish nostrils are not connected to any air passages. Fish nostrils serve no role in respiration. They are completely sensory.</p> <p>The largest part of a fish’s brain is the olfactory lobe, which is responsible for the sense of smell. Smell is the response to chemical molecules by nerve endings in the nostrils. <strong>Chemoreception</strong> is the scientific term for what nerve cells do to help an organism smell (see Table 4.13).</p> <p><strong>Taste Receptors</strong><br /> Taste is another form of chemoreception. Fish can taste inside their mouth. Many fishes, like goatfish and catfish, also have fleshy structures called <strong>barbels</strong> around the chin, mouth, and nostrils (see Table 4.13 and Fig. 4.30). In some fishes, these barbels are used for touch and chemoreception.</p> <p><strong>Fig. 4.30.</strong></p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.30A.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.30A.jpg?itok=S7-D3Y80" width="180" height="180" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.30.(A)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Goatfish with chemosensory barbels that can taste and smell&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Kaite Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.30. (A) </strong>Goatfish with chemosensory barbels that can taste and smell</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Kaite Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.30B-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.30B-web.jpg?itok=Ryw65Oii" width="180" height="120" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; Catfish with non-chemosensory barbels, which cannot taste or smell&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo courtesy of&amp;nbsp;Pil&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/jp_math54/6130292385/&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/jp_math54/6130292385/&quot;&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/jp_math54/6130292385/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.30. (B)</strong> Catfish with non-chemosensory barbels, which cannot taste or smell</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of Pil <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jp_math54/6130292385/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/jp_math54/6130292385/</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.30C.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.30C.jpg?itok=wn6DAHrY" width="180" height="180" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(C)&lt;/strong&gt; Blenny with non-chemosensory cirri, which cannot taste or smell&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.30. (C)</strong> Blenny with non-chemosensory cirri, which cannot taste or smell</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong style="font-size: 13.008px;">                                                                                   </strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Not all barbels have chemoreception. The barbels of some fish, like catfishes, are not equipped for chemical reception (Fig. 4.30 B). Some fish also have fleshy tabs called cirri on the head (Fig. 4.30 C). Cirri are not sensory organs.</p> <p><strong>Table 4.13.</strong> Fish form and function: Chemosensory Adaptation and Camouflage</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.13_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.13_Image1.jpg?itok=ZdG9I5ro" width="135" height="73" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Barbels</td> <td>Probing for food in sand. Can detect chemicals for smelling and tasting (but note that not all fishes’ barbels can detect chemicals—like catfish barbels are cannot taste or smell)</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.13_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.13_Image2.jpg?itok=jSlSjCZh" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Tubular nostrils</td> <td>Detecting chemicals for smelling and tasting</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.13_Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.13_Image3.jpg?itok=LF8GKbao" width="135" height="92" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p><a href="https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_RR1720&amp;res=640&amp;guide=SFTEP&amp;flags=index_no:">https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_RR1720&amp;res=640&amp;guide=SFTEP&amp;flags=index_no:</a> DiscoverLife.org</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Cirri on head by eyes</td> <td>Camouflage (although they resemble chemosensory organs, they do not respond to chemicals)</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <p><strong>Lateral line</strong><br /> Most fish have a structure called the lateral line that runs the length of the body—from just behind the head to the caudal peduncle (Fig. 4.31). The <strong>lateral line</strong> is used to help fishes sense vibrations in the water. Vibrations can come from prey, predators, other fishes in a school, or environmental obstacles.</p> <p><strong>Fig. 4.31.</strong></p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.31.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.31.jpg?itok=gUlOsT_Z" width="290" height="124" alt="&lt;p&gt;(A) Location of the lateral line on a shark&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Byron Inouye&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>(A) Location of the lateral line on a shark</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Byron Inouye</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.31b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.31b.jpg?itok=8J6x06WY" width="290" height="191" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; Location of the lateral line on a fish and englarged view of a lateral line, showing the lateral line tube reaching through pores in the fish scales&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa (Felo 7.17)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> Location of the lateral line on a fish and englarged view of a lateral line, showing the lateral line tube reaching through pores in the fish scales</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa (Felo 7.17)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The lateral line is actually a row of small pits that contain special sensory hair cells (Fig. 4.32). These hair cells move in response to motion near the fish. The lateral line sense is useful in hunting prey, escaping predators, and schooling.</p> <p><strong>Fig. 4.32.</strong></p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig.4.32.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig.4.32.jpg?itok=RJuq65Br" width="590" height="262" alt="&lt;p&gt;Lateral line, close-up of pits with hair cells&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.008px;&quot;&gt;Image courtesy of Thomas Haslwanter, Wikimedia Commons&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LateralLine_Organ.jpg&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Lateral line, close-up of pits with hair cells</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p><span style="font-size: 13.008px;">Image courtesy of Thomas Haslwanter, Wikimedia Commons</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LateralLine_Organ.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LateralLine_Organ.jpg</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><span style="font-size: 13.008px;"> </span></p> <h2><strong>Ampullary receptors</strong></h2> <p><strong>Ampullary receptors</strong> are sense organs made of jelly-filled pores that detect electricity. They can detect low frequency alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Ampullae detect electricity emitted by prey as well as the small electrical fields generated by a fish’s own movement through the earth’s magnetic fields. Researchers think that this may help fishes use the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. Fishes that have ampullae include sharks, sturgeon, lungfish, and elephant fish. The ampullae of sharks are known as Ampullae of Lorenzini—named for Stefano Lorenzini, who first described them in 1678 <span style="font-size: 13.008px;">(Fig. 4.33).</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.33.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.33.png?itok=08c01Ywh" width="290" height="178" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.33.(A)&lt;/strong&gt; Ampullae of Lorenzini in a shark’s head&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Chris Huh&amp;nbsp;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(A)</strong> Ampullae of Lorenzini in a shark’s head</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Chris Huh <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.33.b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.33.b.jpg?itok=o81izcnY" width="290" height="149" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; Ampullae of Lorenzini pores on the snout of a tiger shark&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Albert Kok&amp;nbsp;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzini_pores_on_snout_of_tiger_shark.jpg&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> Ampullae of Lorenzini pores on the snout of a tiger shark</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Albert Kok <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzini_pores_on_snout_of_tiger_shark.jpg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzini_pores_on_snout_of_tiger_sh…</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Fig 4.33. </strong>(<strong>A</strong>) Ampullae of Lorenzini in a shark’s head <strong>(B)</strong> Ampullae of Lorenzini pores on the snout of a tiger shark</p> <p>Some fishes can also generate their own electrical fields. These fishes have both ampullae type receptors and tuberous type receptors. The tuberous receptors are most sensitive to the electric organ discharge of the fish itself, which is important for object detection. The tuberous type of receptor is usually deeper in the skin than ampullae.</p> <p>Some fishes that produce electricity also use it for communication. Electric fishes communicate by generating an electric field that another fish can detect. For example, elephant fishes use electrical communication for identification, warning, submission, courtship, and schooling (Fig. 4.34).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.34.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.34.jpg?itok=ysZzEab2" width="590" height="472" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.34&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;The elephant fish use electric impulses to communicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elef.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elef.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.34 </strong>The elephant fish use electric impulses to communicate.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elef.jpg">Wikipedia</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Fig 4.34.</strong> The elephant fish use electric impulses to communicate.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Ears</strong></h2> <p>Sound travels well underwater, and hearing is important to most fishes. Fishes have two inner ears embedded in spaces in their skulls. The lower chambers, the sacculus and the lagena, detect sound vibrations. (See Fig. 4.35.)</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.35-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.35-web.jpg?itok=XTByUcK4" width="590" height="819" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.35.&lt;/strong&gt; Inner ear of a fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa (Felo 7.16)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.35.</strong> Inner ear of a fish</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa (Felo 7.16)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Each ear chamber contains an otolith and is lined with sensory hairs. <strong>Otoliths</strong> are small, stone-like bones (See Fig. 4.36). They float in the fluid that fills the ear chambers. Otoliths lightly touch the sensory hair cells, which are sensitive to sound and movement.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.36a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.36a.jpg?itok=UHADPvxb" width="290" height="193" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.36. (A) &lt;/strong&gt;Otolith (ear bone) of an American barrelfishImage courtesy of NOAA Ocean Explorer&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/background/barrelfish/media/barrelfish_otolith.html&quot; href=&quot;http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/background/barrelfish/media/barrelfish_otolith.html&quot;&gt;NOAA Ocean Explorer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.36. (A) </strong>Otolith (ear bone) of an American barrelfishImage courtesy of NOAA Ocean Explorer</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/background/barrelfish/media/barrelfish_otolith.html">NOAA Ocean Explorer</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.36b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.36b.jpg?itok=4qCsONXj" width="290" height="239" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.36. (B)&lt;/strong&gt; A pair of otoliths from a 160lb eight-banded grouper&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Kanesa Duncan Seraphin&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.36. (B)</strong> A pair of otoliths from a 160lb eight-banded grouper</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image by Kanesa Duncan Seraphin</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Fig. 4.36.</strong> (A) Otolith (ear bone) of an American barrelfish (B) A pair of otoliths from a 160lb eight-banded grouper</p> <p>Like the otoliths in human ears, otoliths in fishes help with hearing and with balance. When a fish changes position, the otoliths bump the hair cells in the ampullae. The ampullae are bulges in the <strong>semicircular canals</strong> of the ears (Fig 4.36). When a fish rolls right or left, tail up or tail down, the liquids and otoliths push against the hairlike nerve endings lining the canal, sending messages to the fish’s brain.</p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-oembed--derivative-video--provider-vimeo.html.twig * media--source-oembed--derivative-video.html.twig * media--remote-video--default.html.twig * media--remote-video.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-remote-video media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-oembed-video--remote-video.html.twig * field--media--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--media--remote-video.html.twig * field--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="/exploringourfluidearth/media/oembed?url=https%3A//vimeo.com/126961652&amp;max_width=0&amp;max_height=0&amp;hash=rYud_zg9srpiilAYf5--yNcwLNIY7YpGxZ6n_LuGvsM" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="" width="640" height="360" class="media-oembed-content" title="VOS2-10 Promo - Fish Ears and Algae"></iframe> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-oembed--derivative-video--provider-vimeo.html.twig * media--source-oembed--derivative-video.html.twig * media--remote-video--default.html.twig * media--remote-video.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-remote-video media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-oembed-video--remote-video.html.twig * field--media--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--media--remote-video.html.twig * field--field-media-oembed-video.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="/exploringourfluidearth/media/oembed?url=https%3A//vimeo.com/180366629&amp;max_width=0&amp;max_height=0&amp;hash=OvVHUg4yaP7BYvhie9KWHX-j7QN__qPdMYZBF2v0peI" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="" width="640" height="360" class="media-oembed-content" title="VOS2-10 Full Episode - Fish Ears and Algae"></iframe> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Some fishes also use other organs to aid in hearing. For example, the gas bladder changes volume in response to sound waves. Some fishes can detect these changes in gas bladder volume and use them to interpret sounds.</p> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Gills and Oxygen Exchange</strong></h2> <p>Most mammals get oxygen from the air, but most fishes get oxygen from the water. To get oxygen from the water, fish must pass water over their gills. Gills are composed of a gill arch, gill filaments, and gill rakers (see Fig. 4.37). In many fishes the gill arch is a hard structure that supports the gill filaments. The gill filaments are soft with lots of blood vessels to absorb oxygen from the water.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.37a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.37a.jpg?itok=D6SKn7sa" width="180" height="100" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.37. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; A bony fish with the operculum held open to show the gills&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image Courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gills_186.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gills_186.jpg&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(NOAA)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.37. (A)</strong> A bony fish with the operculum held open to show the gills</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gills_186.jpg">National Oceanic and Atmospheric </a><a href="https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gills_186.jpg">Administratrion</a><a href="https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gills_186.jpg"> (NOAA)</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.37b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.37b.jpg?itok=FqFKBhn0" width="180" height="103" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A single gill removed from a bony fish&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gill_raker_186.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gill_raker_186.jpg&quot;&gt;National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A single gill removed from a bony fish</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/images/gill_raker_186.jpg">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.37c-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.37c-web.jpg?itok=tFCXm8Sp" width="180" height="157" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(C)&lt;/strong&gt; A drawing of a gill showing gill filaments (oxygen absorption), gill arch (supporting structure), and gill rakers (comb like structure for filtering)&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(C)</strong> A drawing of a gill showing gill filaments (oxygen absorption), gill arch (supporting structure), and gill rakers (comb like structure for filtering)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Fig. 4.37. (A)</strong> A bony fish with the operculum held open to show the gills <strong>(B) </strong>A single gill removed from a bony fish <strong>(C)</strong> A drawing of a gill showing gill filaments (oxygen absorption), gill arch (supporting structure), and gill rakers (comb like structure for filtering).</p> <p>As water passes through a fish’s mouth, over the gills, and back into the environment, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Some fishes, like tunas, need to continuously swim to get oxygen from the water. Other fishes, like wrasses, can pass water over their gills by pumping it. This enables wrasses to remain motionless and still get oxygen.</p> <p>Fishes get both oxygen and food from water. To get oxygen, water needs to move toward the gills. But, to get energy from food, the food needs to move down into the fish’s stomach. The <strong>gill rakers</strong> are comb-like structures that filter food from the water before it heads to the gills. This keeps food particles inside the fish’s mouth and lets water move out toward the gills.</p> <p>The structure of a fish’s gill rakers indicates something about its diet. Fish that eat small prey like plankton tend to have many long, thin gill rakers to filter very small prey from the water as it passes from the mouth to the gills. On the other hand, fish that eat large prey tend to have more widely spaced gill rakers, because the gill rakers do not need to catch tiny particles.</p> <p>The <strong>Operculum</strong> is the bony plate that covers fishes’ gills. In chimeras and bony fishes, the operculum covers the posterior end of the head, which protects the gill openings. The bony operculum often has another bony flap, called the <strong>preoperculum</strong>, overlaying it (Fig. 4.30). Some fishes also have a strong spine, or spines, that project back from the preoperculum or operculum. These spines are usually used for protection.</p> <p>Sharks and rays have open, naked gills (see Table 4.14), meaning that they are not covered by an operculum. Their classification name, <strong>elasmobranch</strong>, actually means naked gill. Most elasmobranchs have five gill openings—exceptions include the six gill and seven gill shark.</p> <p><strong>Table 4.14.</strong> Fish form and function: Gills</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">GILL DIAGRAM</th> <th scope="col">DESCRIPTION</th> <th scope="col">ADAPTED FUNCTION</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/t4.14-image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/t4.14-image1.jpg?itok=5Oirli73" width="135" height="54" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inoyue</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Elasmobranchs have naked gills</td> <td>Easy water flow</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/t4.14-image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/t4.14-image2.jpg?itok=FGBrC2un" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Operculum covers gills</td> <td>Gill protection</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/t4.14-image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/t4.14-image3.jpg?itok=a9Kt4NgB" width="135" height="85" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Byron Inouye</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Preoperculum and operculum spines</td> <td>Armor and protection</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.38a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.38a-web.jpg?itok=cm72tm1D" width="290" height="261" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.38. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; A semicircle angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) with bright blue highlight color on the preoperculum, preoperculum spine, and operculum&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomacanthus_semicirculatus_1.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomacanthus_semicirculatus_1.jpg&quot;&gt;Stan Shebs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.38. (A)</strong> A semicircle angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) with bright blue highlight color on the preoperculum, preoperculum spine, and operculum</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pomacanthus_semicirculatus_1.jpg">Stan Shebs</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig%204.38B.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig%204.38B.jpg?itok=0Ysfa3H_" width="290" height="183" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A dog snapper (Neomaenis jocu) with preoperculum, operculum, and operculum spine labeled.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Byron Inouye&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A dog snapper (Neomaenis jocu) with preoperculum, operculum, and operculum spine labeled.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image by Byron Inouye</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong style="font-size: 13.008px;">Fig. 4.38. (A)</strong><span style="font-size: 13.008px;"> A semicircle angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) with bright blue highlight color on the preoperculum, preoperculum spine, and operculum </span><strong style="font-size: 13.008px;">(B)</strong><span style="font-size: 13.008px;"> A dog snapper (Neomaenis jocu) with preoperculum, operculum, and operculum spine labeled.</span></p> <p>The <strong>buccal pump</strong> is what fish use to move water over their gills when they are not swimming. The buccal pump has two parts: the mouth and the operculum. During the first stage of pumping, both opercula close, and the mouth opens. Water then enters through the mouth. Next, the fish closes its mouth and opens its opercula so that water moves over the gills, which remove oxygen from the water. Some fishes also use the buccal pump as part of their feeding strategy by filtering out small organisms living in the water as they pump water (Fig. 4.39). As water passes through, the gill rakers help to trap plankton from the water.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.39.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.39.jpg?itok=rZHGsZ_A" width="590" height="393" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.39.&lt;/strong&gt; Some fishes feed by filtering out through their buccal pump such as this whale shark, which feeds on plankton&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Arturo de Frias Marques&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Shark_1_AdF.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Shark_1_AdF.jpg&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Shark_1_AdF.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.39.</strong> Some fishes feed by filtering out through their buccal pump such as this whale shark, which feeds on plankton</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image by Arturo de Frias Marques <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Shark_1_AdF.jpg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Shark_1_AdF.jpg</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Fig. 4.39.</strong> Some fishes feed by filtering out through their buccal pump such as this whale shark, which feeds on plankton</p> <h2><strong>Pores</strong></h2> <p>A <strong>pore</strong> is a small opening in the skin. A typical fish has anal, genital, and urinary pores located anterior of the anal fin. The <strong>anal pore</strong> is where feces exits the fish body. The anus is the largest and most anterior of the pores (Fig. 4.40 A).</p> <p>The <strong>genital pore</strong> is where eggs or sperm are released. The <strong>urinary pore</strong> is where urine exits the body. Often the genital and urinary pore are combined into a single <strong>urogenital</strong> pore. These pores are situated on a small papilla, or bump, just behind the anus (Fig. 4.40 B). </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.40.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.40.jpg?itok=vxUh_h6M" width="590" height="764" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.40.&lt;/strong&gt; Anal pore (toward the head) and genital and/or urinary pores (toward the tail)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://forums.pondboss.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&amp;amp;Number=157117&quot; href=&quot;http://forums.pondboss.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&amp;amp;Number=157117&quot;&gt;http://forums.pondboss.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&amp;amp;Number=157117&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.40.</strong> Anal pore (toward the head) and genital and/or urinary pores (toward the tail)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from <a href="http://forums.pondboss.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&amp;Number=157117">http://forums.pondboss.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&amp;Number=157117</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Most fishes reproduce externally, meaning that the sperm and eggs meet outside their bodies. However, some fishes reproduce internally. The females of these fishes often have a genital pore that is modified for internal fertilization.</p> <h2><strong>Body Coverings</strong></h2> <p>One definition of a fish includes “body usually covered with scales.” Except for some parts of the head and fins, the bodies of many fishes are covered with overlapping scales (Fig. 4.41). <strong>Scales</strong> generally serve to protect the fish’s skin.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.41.JPG" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.41.JPG?itok=L8SilJv9" width="590" height="394" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.41.&lt;/strong&gt; The overlapping scales of a roach fish (Rutilus rutilus)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_Common_Roach.JPG&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_Common_Roach.JPG&quot;&gt;kallerna&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.41.</strong> The overlapping scales of a roach fish (Rutilus rutilus)</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_Common_Roach.JPG">kallerna</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Different fishes have different types of scales. These different types of scales are made of different types of tissue (Fig. 4.42 and Table 4.15). Types of scales also correspond to evolutionary relationships (Fig. 4.9).</p> <p><strong>Placoid scales</strong> are found in the sharks and rays (Fig. 4.42 A). Placoid scales are made of a flattened base with a spine protruding towards the rear of the fish. These scales are often called dermal denticles because they are made from dentin and enamel, which is similar to the material teeth are made of.</p> <p><strong>Ganoid scales</strong> are flat and do not overlap very much on the body of the fish (Fig. 4.42 B). They are found on gars and paddlefishes. In the sturgeon, ganoid scales are modified into body plates called scutes.</p> <p><strong>Cycloid and Ctenoid scales</strong> are found in the vast majority of bony fishes (Figs 4.42 C and 4.42 D). These types of scales can overlap like shingles on a roof, which gives more flexibility to the fish. These scales also form growth rings like trees that can be used for determining age.</p> <p>Ctenoid scales are different than cycloid scales in that cycloid scales tend to be more oval in shape. Ctenoid scales are more clam shaped and have spines over one edge. Cycloid scales are found on fishes such as eels, goldfish, and trout. Ctenoid scales are found on fishes like perches, wrasses, and parrotfish. Some flatfishes, like flounder, have both cycloid and ctenoid scales.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.42.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.42.jpg?itok=mkTHFNIn" width="590" height="234" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.42.&lt;/strong&gt; Four types of fish scales A) Placoid, B) Ganoid, C) Cycloid, and D) Ctenoid&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.42.</strong> Four types of fish scales A) Placoid, B) Ganoid, C) Cycloid, and D) Ctenoid</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Table 4.15.</strong> Fish form and function: Scale Features</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Scale Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image1.jpg?itok=xK0T3-B_" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Spines</td> <td>Protection from predators</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image2.jpg?itok=huV7T4eR" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Blades</td> <td>Protection and defense</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image3.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image3.jpg?itok=hJC-yXmC" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Scutes (or keel; not shown)</td> <td>Cuts through water, streamlines swimming</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image4.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image4.jpg?itok=QwAGA4kl" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Many large scales</td> <td>Protection</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image5.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image5.jpg?itok=xkN-H1bi" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>No scales</td> <td>Burrowing</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image6.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image6.jpg?itok=E0GuoL-e" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Leathery scales</td> <td>Protection</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image9.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image9.jpg?itok=Tk3UkBMj" width="135" height="74" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Bony armor scutes</td> <td>Protection from predators</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image7.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image7.jpg?itok=aM0jOhTR" width="135" height="56" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Rough scales</td> <td>Protection from parasites and swimming locomotion</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.15_Image8.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.15_Image8.jpg?itok=A0N38Z4x" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Regular scales</td> <td>Protection</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.43a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.43a.jpg?itok=cbwdQVpY" width="290" height="188" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.43. (A) &lt;/strong&gt;Pinecone fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo courtesy of Spencer77&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/spencer77/4804550258/&quot; href=&quot;http://www.flickr.com/photos/spencer77/4804550258/&quot;&gt;http://www.flickr.com/photos/spencer77/4804550258/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.43. (A) </strong>Pinecone fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of Spencer77 <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/spencer77/4804550258/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/spencer77/4804550258/</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.43b-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.43b-web.jpg?itok=fYdeTM0-" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; porcupine fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Photo&amp;nbsp;courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> porcupine fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Photo courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p>Scale size varies greatly among species, and not all fishes have scales. Some fishes, like some rays, eels, and blennies, do not have any scales. This is probably because these fishes spend a lot of time rubbing on the sand or in rocks. If they had scales, the scales would likely rub off. At the other extreme, some fishes have scales modified into bony plates, such as on a sturgeon and pinecone fish (Fig. 4.43 A). Other fish have scales modified into spines for protection, like the porcupine fish (Fig. 4.43 B).</p> <p> </p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </p><div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1751" class="node node-activity-page special-feature-type-activity contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4c909919-a627-44c8-aee2-1ca4a17f7044" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Activity</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish/activity-observing-fish-scales" hreflang="und">Observing Fish Scales</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p>Use your observation and investigation skills to investigate different types of fish scales. </p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div><br /><h2>Additional Modifications</h2> <p>Fishes are very diverse, and there are examples of extreme body modifications in many different groups of fishes (see Table 4.16). For example, some fishes, like angler fish, have lures to attract prey. Others, like lionfish, have poison sacs to protect them from predators.</p> <p><strong>Table 4.16.</strong> Fish form and function: Other Modifications</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Diagram</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Table4.16_Image1.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Table4.16_Image1.jpg?itok=6FEoB9n6" width="135" height="77" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Lures</td> <td>Attracting prey</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Table4.16_Image2.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Table4.16_Image2.jpg?itok=I42DZRP4" width="135" height="97" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Poison sacs at base of spines</td> <td>Protection</td> </tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Color</strong><br /> The color of fishes is very diverse and depends on where a fish lives. Color can be used as camouflage. Color also plays a role in finding mates, in advertising services like cleaning, in attracting prey, and in warning other fishes of danger (see Table 4.17).</p> <p>Tunas, barracuda, sharks, and other fishes that live in the open ocean are often silvery or deep blue in color. These fishes also have a body coloring pattern called counter shading. Counter shading means dark on the dorsal, or top, surface and light on the ventral, or belly side. <strong>Countershading</strong> helps to camouflage fishes by matching the dark, deep water when viewed from above and matching the light, surface water, when viewed from below (Fig. 4.44 B).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.44a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.44a-web.jpg?itok=CiGGZEEn" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.44. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; blue silvery color in Heller’s barracuda&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.44. (A)</strong> blue silvery color in Heller’s barracuda</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.44b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.44b.jpg?itok=HxbyfGTw" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B) &lt;/strong&gt;Countershading in a grey reef shark&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg&quot;&gt;Fbattail&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B) </strong>Countershading in a grey reef shark</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg">Fbattail</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.44. (A) blue silvery color in Heller’s barracuda (B) Countershading in a grey reef shark</p> <p>Nearer to shore, many fishes have also evolved to be camouflaged in their environment. Kelpfish have developed both colors and a body shape that helps them blend in with the seaweed that they live in. Reef fish often look like coral. Fishes that hide in the sand, like blennies, flat fish, and flounder, are often a speckled sandy color (Fig. 4.45 B).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.45a.JPG" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.45a.JPG?itok=kZk-jN-F" width="180" height="180" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.45. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; A leafy seadragon hiding in kelp&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leafyseadragon2276ppx_PLW_edit.JPG&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leafyseadragon2276ppx_PLW_edit.JPG&quot;&gt;EyeKarma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.45. (A)</strong> A leafy seadragon hiding in kelp</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leafyseadragon2276ppx_PLW_edit.JPG">EyeKarma</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.45b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.45b.jpg?itok=oYVn6YmM" width="180" height="123" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A blenny hiding in coral&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salarias_sinuosus_(Fringelip_blenny).jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salarias_sinuosus_(Fringelip_blenny).jpg&quot;&gt;Jason Marks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A blenny hiding in coral</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salarias_sinuosus_(Fringelip_blenny).jpg">Jason Marks</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.45c-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.45c-web.jpg?itok=x4wzJQjL" width="180" height="135" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(C)&lt;/strong&gt; A three-spot flounder hiding in sand(C) A three-spot flounder hiding in sand&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(C)</strong> A three-spot flounder hiding in sand</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Many brightly colored fishes that live in coral reef habitats also use their color, stripes, and spots as camouflage (Fig. 4.46). This is partly because wavelengths of light, and therefore color, appear different under water and change with depth and water color. Water absorbs light. Thus, the amount of light decreases with increasing depth.</p> <p>Red color, for example, fades out very fast with increasing depth. Fishes with red color, like soldierfish (Fig. 4.46 A), are actually invisible at night and in deep waters. Yellow and blue colors, on the other hand, blend in with the reef color, also providing camouflage from predators (Fig. 4.46 B). Even stripes and spots can prevent an individual fish from standing out, making it harder for a predator to strike (Fig. 4.46 C).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.46a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.46a-web.jpg?itok=ojMHK-Hs" width="180" height="135" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.46. (A) &lt;/strong&gt;Soldierfish&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.46. (A) </strong>Soldierfish</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.46b-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.46b-web.jpg?itok=da1z9EqX" width="180" height="135" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; blue and yellow Hawaiian cleaner wrasse&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> blue and yellow Hawaiian cleaner wrasse</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--third-266w.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--third-266w.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-third-266w"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.46c-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/third_266w_/public/Fig4.46c-web.jpg?itok=aDUSEXPp" width="180" height="135" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(C)&lt;/strong&gt; school of convict tang and whitebar surgeonfish&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-third-266w-" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>(C)</strong> school of convict tang and whitebar surgeonfish</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Katie Samuelson</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.46. (A) Soldierfish (B) blue and yellow Hawaiian cleaner wrasse (C) school of convict tang and whitebar surgeonfish</p> <p>In addition to colors visible to humans, fish also use ultraviolet (UV) light colors for camouflage and communication. Some fishes can see using UV light, and so they use UV colors to identify each other and to avoid predators. Many reef fish can also blink their colors on and off to flash messages (Fig. 4.47). Skin cells called chromatophores allow fish and other animals to quickly change skin color.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.47-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.47-web.jpg?itok=TOKhrA_d" width="590" height="475" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.47.&lt;/strong&gt; Examples of color-changing fish. The peacock flounder (Bothus mancus or pāki‘i in Hawaiian) is a bottom-dwelling flatfish common in the tropical Pacific. It can rapidly change skin colors.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona.jpg&quot;&gt;Brocken Inaglory&lt;/a&gt;, Wikimedia Commons&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.47.</strong> Examples of color-changing fish. The peacock flounder (Bothus mancus or pāki‘i in Hawaiian) is a bottom-dwelling flatfish common in the tropical Pacific. It can rapidly change skin colors.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona.jpg">Brocken Inaglory</a>, Wikimedia Commons</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><strong>Table 4.17</strong></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 600px"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Body Color Diagram Example</th> <th scope="col">Picture Example</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Adapted Function</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image1-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image1-web.jpg?itok=YC0h3iih" width="135" height="61" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/t4.17_Image11.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/t4.17_Image11.jpg?itok=PmT___Fm" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clown_fish_in_the_Andaman_Coral_Reef.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Both sexes brightly colored</td> <td>A warning—not good to eat</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image2-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image2-web.jpg?itok=8B2ZEoEY" width="135" height="67" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_image12.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_image12.jpg?itok=i-fzWiV9" width="135" height="67" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acanthurussohal-ArabischerDoktor.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Brightly colored areas around the spine on the caudal peduncle area. The spine is used in defense.</td> <td>Warning</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image3-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image3-web.jpg?itok=KYkUchHG" width="135" height="65" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T.4.17_Image13.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T.4.17_Image13.jpg?itok=nVITaY9D" width="135" height="98" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epinephelus_malabaricus.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Mottled</td> <td>Camouflage</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image4-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image4-web.jpg?itok=IQxl0G50" width="135" height="66" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of Living Ocean, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_image14.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_image14.jpeg?itok=NTIh7Hyx" width="135" height="74" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG">Hans-Petter Fjeld</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Dark on top, lighter on bottom</td> <td>Camouflage in midwater</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image5-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image5-web.jpg?itok=FhNoecod" width="135" height="68" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image15-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image15-web.jpg?itok=AtVDqVf-" width="135" height="90" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tilapia_mossambica_Pune.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Dark all over</td> <td>Camouflage in dark areas</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image6.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image6.jpg?itok=e5e3PaI5" width="135" height="108" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image16.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image16.jpg?itok=O5C-7oxx" width="135" height="81" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five-lined_Snapper_(Lutjanus_quinquelineatus)_and_Shoulderbar_Soldierfishes_(Myripristis_kuntee)_(6087942369).jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Red all over</td> <td>Camouflage in dark areas</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image7-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image7-web.jpg?itok=mAGk_fck" width="135" height="59" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image17.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image17.jpg?itok=4B9kBT96" width="135" height="101" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtsey of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isuzumi.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Light all over</td> <td>Camouflage in light areas</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image9-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image9-web.jpg?itok=VzaXoFii" width="135" height="63" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image19-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image19-web.jpg?itok=_lVEoctx" width="135" height="158" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Eyespots</td> <td>Leading predator away from head</td> </tr><tr><td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image10.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image10.jpg?itok=Dkzx3XpS" width="135" height="108" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/T4.17_Image20.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/T4.17_Image20.jpg?itok=uiAp71_X" width="135" height="133" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --></td> <td>Brightly colored</td> <td>Camouflage or communication</td> </tr></tbody></table><h2>Internal Fish Anatomy and the Function of Fish Organ Systems</h2> <p> Living things are composed of cells. Cells often become specialized to perform certain functions. For example, muscle cells contract, nerve cells transmit impulses, and gland cells produce chemicals. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a similar function (Fig. 4.48). There are many kinds of tissues—bone, cartilage, blood, fat, tendon, skin, and scales.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.48-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.48-web.jpg?itok=gNA-St9V" width="590" height="491" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.48.&lt;/strong&gt; Organization of structures in living organisms&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.48.</strong> Organization of structures in living organisms</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>An <strong>organ</strong> is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a specific function (Fig. 4.48). The stomach is an example of an organ made of several types of tissues.<br /> • Muscle tissue, in the wall of the stomach, contracts to churn and mix food.<br /> • Glandular tissue, in the inner lining of the stomach, secretes digestive chemicals (enzymes).<br /> • Nerve tissue, in the wall of the stomach, coordinates mixing and digesting activities.</p> <p>An <strong>organ system</strong> is a group of organs that together perform a function for the body. The digestive system, for example, consists of organs such as the mouth, the stomach, and the intestine (Fig. 4.48). These organs work together to break down food and provide nutrients to the body.</p> <p>An <strong>organism</strong> is an entire living thing with all its organ systems (Fig. 4.48). A complex organism like a fish has digestive, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and many other systems. Fish consist of interacting groups of organ systems that together enable a fish to function.</p> <h2>Integumentary System</h2> <p>The<strong> integumentary system</strong> is commonly called the skin. It consists of two layers, the epidermis, or outer layer, and the dermis, or inner layer. Beneath these are the muscles and other tissues that the skin covers (Fig. 4.49).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.49a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.49a-web.jpg?itok=XQ0pdtcy" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.49. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; The skin and cycloid scales of a rohu fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_scales.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_scales.jpg&quot;&gt;dangi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.49. (A)</strong> The skin and cycloid scales of a rohu fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_scales.jpg">Rajesh </a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_scales.jpg">dangi</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/f4.49_image2-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/f4.49_image2-web.jpg?itok=5t55-Msi" width="290" height="181" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B) &lt;/strong&gt;A drawing of the skin and integumentary system of a fish, showing scales, epidermis, dermis, and muscle&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B) </strong>A drawing of the skin and integumentary system of a fish, showing scales, epidermis, dermis, and muscle</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The <strong>epidermis</strong> is the top layer of the integumentary system. It is made of several sheets of cells that cover the scales. As the cells age, new cells growing underneath push older cells toward the outer surface.</p> <p>In the epidermis of most fishes are cells that produce mucus, a slippery material like runny gelatin, that helps the fish slide through the water. The mucus wears off daily, carrying away microscopic organisms and other irritants that might harm the fish. The odor typical of most fish comes from chemicals in the mucus.</p> <p>In their epidermis, fishes have cells containing pigment grains that give the fish its color. Some fish can change color by expanding or contracting pigment cells. The changes are controlled by hormones that are produced by the endocrine system and regulated by the nervous system.</p> <p>The lower layer of the integumentary system contains blood vessels, nerves for sensing touch and vibration, and connective tissue made of strong fibers. A special layer of dermal cells secretes chemicals to produce scales, which grow larger as the fish grows. Most fish have covering scales that protect them from damage when they bump into things or are attacked. As the scales grow, they form concentric rings in some fishes. These growth rings can be used to determine a fish’s age. A few fish, such as catfish, have no scales.</p> <h2>Skeletal and Muscular Systems</h2> <p>The skeletal system supports the soft tissues and organs of the fish (Fig. 4.50). The skeleton also protects organs and gives the body of the fish its basic shape. The many bones of the skull form a rigid box that protects the brain. Holes, hinges, and pockets in the skull allow room for the nostrils, mouth, and eyes.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig-4.50a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig-4.50a-web.jpg?itok=QMXotdSl" width="290" height="108" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.50. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; The skeleton of a cod fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szkielet_dorsza.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szkielet_dorsza.jpg&quot;&gt;Olaf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.50. (A)</strong> The skeleton of a cod fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szkielet_dorsza.jpg">Olaf</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.50b-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.50b-web.jpg?itok=OwOT7PPR" width="290" height="156" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A drawing of a fish skeletal system&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A drawing of a fish skeletal system</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.50. (A) The skeleton of a cod fish (B) A drawing of a fish skeletal system</p> <p>The <strong>vertebral column</strong>, or backbone, is not a solid rod. The backbone is actually a string of small bones called vertebrae. See Fig. 4.51. Each vertebra has a small hole in it. Together, the small holes in the vertebrae form a canal through which the spinal cord passes. The vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord. Spaces between the vertebrae allow the backbone to bend and nerves to reach the tissues and organs of the body. Rib bones protect the body cavity. Additional bones support the spines and rays.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.51a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.51a.jpg?itok=aCDjU5Jk" width="290" height="281" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.51. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; A photo of the vertebrae of a small fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image Courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebre_pesce_20130806_04.jpg&quot; href=&quot;http://https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebre_pesce_20130806_04.jpg&quot;&gt;Assianir&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.51. (A)</strong> A photo of the vertebrae of a small fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="http://https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertebre_pesce_20130806_04.jpg">Assianir</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.51b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.51b.jpg?itok=JFGoLnGd" width="290" height="304" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A drawing of a fish skeleton vertebrae viewed from the front, showing rib and tail sections&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A drawing of a fish skeleton vertebrae viewed from the front, showing rib and tail sections</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><div><span style="font-size: 13.008px;">Fig. 4.51. (A) A photo of the vertebrae of a small fish (B) A drawing of a fish skeleton vertebrae viewed from the front, showing rib and tail sections</span></div> <p><strong>Muscles</strong> are tissues that contract to shorten and relax to lengthen. Fish move by contracting and relaxing their muscles. Like humans, fish have three types of muscles: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and heart muscles.</p> <p>The muscles and bones of a fish work together. <strong>Skeletal muscles</strong> use bones as levers to move the body. <strong>Tendons</strong> are strong connective tissues that attach muscle to bone. When muscle cells are stimulated, they contract and shorten, which pulls on tendons to move bones.</p> <p>Skeletal muscles are voluntary, meaning that they move only when the thinking part of the brain signals them to move. To swim, fish must contract and relax their skeletal muscles, just as humans do when they learn to walk. Most of a fish’s body is made of layers of skeletal muscle. These layers are arranged in W-shaped bands from belly to back (Fig. 4.52). This network of muscles is vertical and interlocking, which allows the fish to move the body back and forth in a smooth, undulating motion. Such motion would not be possible if the muscles ran horizontally along the length of the body, from head to tail.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.52a-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.52a-web.jpg?itok=NQpCV2xE" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;(A) Side view of salmon skeletal&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon,_BC,_Canada.JPG&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon,_BC,_Canada.JPG&quot;&gt;Flying Penguin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>(A) Side view of salmon skeletal</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon,_BC,_Canada.JPG">Flying Penguin</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.52b-web.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.52b-web.jpg?itok=sYJEthy4" width="290" height="146" alt="&lt;p&gt;(B) Drawing of skeletal muscle pattern in a fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>(B) Drawing of skeletal muscle pattern in a fish</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p><span style="font-size: 13.008px;">Fig. 4.52. (A) Side view of salmon skeletal muscle (B) Drawing of skeletal muscle pattern in a fish</span></p> <p>A fish swims by alternately contracting muscles on either side of its body (See Fig. 4.53 B). Swimming begins when the muscles on one side of the body contract, pulling the caudal fin toward that side. The sideways movement of the caudal fin pushes the fish forward. Then the muscles on the opposite side of the body contract, and the caudal fin moves toward the other side of the body.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.53a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.53a.jpg?itok=hzyn3wSX" width="290" height="184" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(A) &lt;/strong&gt;Sardines swim by contracting their tail muscles&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASardines.ogv&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASardines.ogv&quot;&gt; James Kilfiger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(A) </strong>Sardines swim by contracting their tail muscles</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASardines.ogv"> James Kilfiger</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.53b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.53b.jpg?itok=otXqkOnY" width="290" height="172" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A drawing contrasting a typical fish swimming movement with the movement of a typical human swimming with dive fins.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A drawing contrasting a typical fish swimming movement with the movement of a typical human swimming with dive fins.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.53. (A) Sardines swim by contracting their tail muscles (B) A drawing contrasting a typical fish swimming movement with the movement of a typical human swimming with dive fins.</p> <p>Skeletal muscles are also attached to bones that move the fish’s paired fins. Fishes with wide pectoral fins, like wrasses, swim by flapping their pectoral fins. Other fishes, like fast-swimming tunas, move mostly with their caudal fin but use long, thin pectoral fins for steering.</p> <p>Skeletal muscles also move dorsal fins. Faster-swimming fishes reduce water drag by tucking in their dorsal fins while swimming. Slower-swimming reef fishes have larger dorsal fins, which they sometimes flare to protect themselves in encounters with other fish.</p> <p><strong>Smooth muscles</strong> move internal organs of the body and line tubes such as the intestinal tract and blood vessels. Smooth muscles are involuntary; they move without signals from the thinking part of the brain. For example, smooth muscles automatically contract and relax to push food through the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. Other smooth muscles control the flow of blood and other body fluids and movement in the urogenital tract.</p> <p><strong>Heart muscles</strong> are also involuntary. However, the structure of heart muscle cells is different from involuntary smooth muscles, so these two muscle types are given separate names. Heart muscles pump blood through the blood vessels by rhythmically contracting and relaxing.</p> <p><strong>Respiratory System</strong><br /> The respiratory system takes oxygen (O2) into the body and passes carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the body. Oxygen is essential to fish’s digestion because it combines with food molecules to release energy for the fish’s needs.</p> <p>The respiratory organs in fish are gills. Each gill has many gill filaments, which contain a network of tiny blood vessels called <strong>capillaries</strong> (Fig. 4.54). The <strong>gill cover </strong>(also called the <strong>operculum</strong>) is the body surface that covers the gills. The <strong>gill rakers</strong> filter food from the water as water passes out to the gills.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.54a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.54a.jpg?itok=DFfMO-id" width="290" height="257" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.54. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; Exposed fish gills as viewed from the ventral, or belly side, of the head&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gills_(esox).jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gills_(esox).jpg&quot;&gt;Uwe Gille&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.54. (A)</strong> Exposed fish gills as viewed from the ventral, or belly side, of the head</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gills_(esox).jpg">Uwe Gille</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.54b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.54b.jpg?itok=kJPaulUi" width="290" height="258" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; A drawing of a gill filament with a gill raker and the gill arch labeled&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> A drawing of a gill filament with a gill raker and the gill arch labeled</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.54. (A) Exposed fish gills as viewed from the ventral, or belly side, of the head (B) A drawing of a gill filament with a gill raker and the gill arch labeled</p> <p>Water moves over the gills in a pumping action with two steps (Fig. 4.55). In the first step, the mouth opens, the gill covers close, and the fish brings water into its mouth. In the second step, the mouth closes, the gill covers open, and water passes out of the fish. This action is called <strong>buccal pumping</strong> and is named for the cheek muscles that pull water into the mouth and over the gills.</p> <p>Some fish also use <strong>ram ventilation</strong> to move water over their gills. When swimming fast, fish like sharks and tunas open both their mouths and gill openings to let water pass continuously through their gills. They do not need to open and close their mouth because water is pushed over their gills by their swimming action.</p> <p>As water passes over the gills, carbon dioxide in the blood passes into the water through the capillaries of the gill filaments. The same gill filaments allow dissolved oxygen from the water to pass into the blood, which then carries it throughout the body.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.55.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.55.jpg?itok=M_wkwGZ3" width="590" height="501" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 4.55. Movement of water past the gills&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 4.55. Movement of water past the gills</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Fig. 4.55. Movement of water past the gills</p> <h2><strong>Buoyancy</strong></h2> <p><strong>Buoyancy</strong> refers to whether something will float or sink. Some fishes have a gas bladder that helps control their buoyancy. The <strong>gas bladder</strong> is a special, gas filled chamber in a fish’s body cavity. It lies just below the kidneys.</p> <p>The gas bladder is often called the swim bladder because it regulates buoyancy by making the fish’s density equal to the density of the surrounding water. The average density of seawater is 1.026 g/mL, but the density of fish flesh and bones is about 1.076 g/mL. This means that a typical fish is denser than seawater and would naturally sink. The density of the gas bladder, on the other hand, is less dense than seawater. The low density of the gas bladder helps the fish float (Fig 4.56).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.56a.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.56a.jpg?itok=YZKY7oh6" width="290" height="125" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig 4.56. (A)&lt;/strong&gt; The position of the gas bladder (swim bladder) in a bleak&amp;nbsp;(Alburnoides bipunctatus)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtsey of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_bladder_in_a_bleak.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_bladder_in_a_bleak.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikimedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig 4.56. (A)</strong> The position of the gas bladder (swim bladder) in a bleak (Alburnoides bipunctatus)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtsey of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_bladder_in_a_bleak.jpg">Wikimedia</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.56b.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig4.56b.jpg?itok=W-h9NoMI" width="290" height="85" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(B)&lt;/strong&gt; Gas bladder from a Ruddy fish (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image Courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>(B)</strong> Gas bladder from a Ruddy fish (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image Courtesy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg">Wikipedia</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p>Fig 4.56. (A) The position of the gas bladder (swim bladder) in a bleak (Alburnoides bipunctatus) (B) Gas bladder from a Ruddy fish (Scardinius erythrophthalmus)</p> <p>The gas bladder has a low density because it is filled mostly with oxygen and nitrogen gases. The gas bladder acts like an inflatable balloon inside the fish. The gas bladder reduces the density of the fish’s body until it is the same as the density of seawater. This helps the fish float within the water column.</p> <p>In many groups of fishes (like herring, pike, catfish, eels), an open tube connects the gas bladder to the digestive tract. This allows the fish to adjust gas content in the bladder by swallowing and expelling air through their mouth. Other kinds of fishes (like perches, snappers, groupers) have a gas gland that bubbles gasses into and out of the bloodstream to inflate and deflate the gas bladder.</p> <p>Pressure increases with increasing water depth because the water above pushes down on the water (and animals) below. When a fish swims into deeper water, its gas bladder gets smaller because of the increase in water pressure. Thus, as a fish goes deeper, it must add gas to its gas bladder to maintain neutral buoyancy. When a fish swims into shallow water, its gas bladder expands because the pressure of water surrounding the fish decreases. Thus, as it moves into shallower water, the fish must absorb gas from the gas bladder to maintain neutral buoyancy.</p> <p>Because gases move slowly in and out of the gas bladder, fish caught at great depths are often bloated when they are brought to the surface quickly. The gas in the gas bladder expands when the fish moves from the high pressure of deep water to the lower pressure at the surface. A fish pulled quickly to the surface cannot absorb the gases fast enough, and the sudden expansion of the gas bladder can injure the fish (Fig. 4.57).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.57.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.57.jpg?itok=BTdrYGBH" width="590" height="346" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.57.&lt;/strong&gt; Inflated gas bladder of a deep water rougheye rockfish after capture.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/quarterly/jfm2013/divrptsABL2.htm&quot; href=&quot;https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/quarterly/jfm2013/divrptsABL2.htm&quot;&gt; NOAA Fisheries: Alaska Fisheries Science Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.57.</strong> Inflated gas bladder of a deep water rougheye rockfish after capture.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of<a href="https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/quarterly/jfm2013/divrptsABL2.htm"> NOAA Fisheries: Alaska Fisheries Science Center</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>To keep the fish alive, collectors must bring fish to the surface slowly to let the fish’s body absorb the gases from the gas bladder. There are also methods for releasing a fish with recompression in order to help it recover from gas expansion as a result of being brought quickly to the surface (Fig. 4.58).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.58.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.58.jpg?itok=EQEFdr5O" width="590" height="396" alt="&lt;p&gt;Fig. 4.58. Recompression is lowering a fish to its natural depth in a controlled manner, using devices like weights and baskets, and allows gas in the gas bladder to be reabsorbed into the fish’s body.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2013/18_2013_06_19_preventing_barotrauma.html&quot; href=&quot;http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2013/18_2013_06_19_preventing_barotrauma.html&quot;&gt; NOAA Fisheries: West Coast Region&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Fig. 4.58. Recompression is lowering a fish to its natural depth in a controlled manner, using devices like weights and baskets, and allows gas in the gas bladder to be reabsorbed into the fish’s body.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image courtesy of<a href="http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/stories/2013/18_2013_06_19_preventing_barotrauma.html"> NOAA Fisheries: West Coast Region</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Some fishes, such as grunts and toadfish, can use their gas bladder to produce sound. Muscles in the wall of the bladder contract rapidly, producing a low-frequency (low-pitch) sound that is resonated and amplified in the bladder. Other fishes, like the lungfish, also use the gas bladder as an accessory respiratory organ or “lung” when they crawl on land.</p> <p>Fishes that have no gas bladder are always denser than the surrounding water, so they sink if they stop swimming. Sharks, for example, must keep swimming to stay afloat. They use their tails and pectoral fins like airplane wings, adjusting the amount of lift to control the depth of their swimming. Many bottom-dwelling fishes also lack gas bladders because they have no real need from them.</p> <h2>Circulatory System</h2> <p>The circulatory system is a transportation system for body fluids. The circulatory system brings nutrients to cells and carries waste away from cells. <strong>Blood</strong> is a fluid that consists of plasma (the liquid part) and blood cells. Plasma contains water, carbon dioxide (CO2), hormones, nutrients, wastes, and other molecules. Blood cells are of two main types: red and white.</p> <p>Red blood cells carry oxygen (O2) from the gills to other cells in the body. In red cells, special molecules that combine chemically with oxygen can pick up and release oxygen, depending on the surrounding environment. These molecules, called hemoglobin, contain iron atoms. When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it turns bright red. When hemoglobin releases its oxygen, it turns a very dark red.</p> <p>White blood cells fight disease. They often concentrate around infected wounds, killing bacteria and transporting wastes away from the wound. Dead cells in a wound form pus, which white blood cells help to eliminate.</p> <p>A network of tubes called <strong>arteries</strong>, <strong>capillaries</strong>, and <strong>veins</strong> connects the heart with all parts of the body (Fig. 4.59). The arteries carry blood from the heart to the capillaries. The capillaries, microscopic in size and very numerous, have thin walls through which nutrient molecules can move. The molecules move through the walls of the capillaries and into the fluids around the tissues. The veins carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.59.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.59.jpg?itok=MNe6Wruf" width="590" height="349" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.59.&lt;/strong&gt; Schematic of a fish’s circulatory system, showing only the major systems. All parts of the body are served by arteries, capillaries, and veins.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.59.</strong> Schematic of a fish’s circulatory system, showing only the major systems. All parts of the body are served by arteries, capillaries, and veins.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The <strong>heart</strong> pumps blood to all parts of the body. The fish heart has one ventricle and one atrium. In comparison, the human heart has two separate ventricles and two separate atria. In the fish heart, there are also two other chambers: the sinus venosus (before the ventricle) and the bulbus arteriosus (after the atrium). (See Fig. 4.60.)</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.60.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.60.jpg?itok=Ur-aI-oE" width="590" height="347" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.60.&lt;/strong&gt; Contraction of heart muscles moves blood through the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.60.</strong> Contraction of heart muscles moves blood through the system.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p> </p> <p>When the heart muscle contracts, it forces blood into the arteries. Valves between the chambers allow the blood to flow in only one direction. Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide is pumped to the gills, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up more oxygen through capillaries in the gill filaments. The blood, now rich in oxygen, flows through branching arteries to the brain, digestive system, and other tissues and organs.</p> <p>As it passes through the digestive system, the blood absorbs nutrients and distributes them through the body. As it passes through each tissue and organ, some of the blood plasma passes through capillaries and flows around the cells. Oxygen and nutrient molecules move from the plasma into the cells. Carbon dioxide and waste products move from the cells into the plasma. The plasma then passes back into the capillaries and carries waste away.</p> <p>Another network of tubes, called <strong>lymph ducts</strong>, picks up the liquid that passes out of the capillaries and collects in parts of the fish’s body. The lymph ducts return this liquid (called <strong>lymph</strong>) to the veins.</p> <h3>Digestive and Excretory System</h3> <p>A fish’s <strong>digestive and excretory system</strong> includes the structures and organs that bring food into the body, break food down into usable substances organism, and remove unused food. The digestive system begins with the mouth and teeth, which trap food and help send it on to the stomach and intestine for digestion. Undigested food and waste leaves the body through the anus (Fig. 4.61).</p> <p>The urinary portion of the <strong>excretory system</strong> also removes waste produced by the body. Its chief organs are the <strong>kidneys</strong>, which are a pair of long, dark-red organs under the vertebrae. The kidneys filter small molecules from the blood. After filtering, usable materials such as sugars, salts, and water are absorbed back into the blood. The remaining waste products pass from the kidneys down the <strong>urinary tubes</strong>, to the bladder, and out through an opening behind the anus, called the <strong>urogenital opening</strong>. This is the same opening through which materials from the reproductive system (eggs from the ovaries or sperm from the testes) pass.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--colorbox-large.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--colorbox-large.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-center media media--type-image media--view-mode-colorbox-large"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig4.61.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/full-page-width/public/Fig4.61.jpg?itok=43MxFDbL" width="590" height="573" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 4.61&lt;/strong&gt;. Excretory and reproductive systems of a fish&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-full-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image caption</div> <div class="field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 4.61</strong>. Excretory and reproductive systems of a fish</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image copyright and source</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Image from Living Ocean, CRDG, University of Hawaii at Manoa</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The gills are also part of the excretory system. Blood carries waste products and excess salts to the gill filaments. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia are excreted by the gills. Fish living in seawater and brackish water also excrete excess salt from their gills.</p> <p>The liver also removes wastes from the blood. The liver cleans blood after it has picked up digested products from the intestine. Wastes are converted into bile and stored in the gall bladder, where they wait to be poured back into the digestive tract to aid in digestion (Fig. 4.61).</p> <p><strong>Osmosis</strong> is the passive movement of water across cell membranes. If two fluids have different salinities, water will cross the cell membrane to balance the salinity on both sides. This means that the excretory system is affected by where a fish lives.</p> <p>Freshwater fishes have body tissues that are saltier than the surrounding water. Thus, water constantly enters the body through the gills and body cavities. Freshwater fishes must urinate frequently to rid themselves of this excess water.</p> <p>Saltwater fishes, by contrast, are surrounded by water that is saltier than their bodily fluids. Water is always leaving their bodies. To prevent dehydration, saltwater fishes drink constantly, and excrete small amounts of very concentrated urine. Special salt glands in the gills also help eliminate the salt from the water drank by the fish.</p> <div class="embed"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1759" class="node node-activity-page special-feature-type-activity contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b98cbe41-ed22-4b58-b829-d6d6406c0028" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Activity</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish/activity-fish-terminology" hreflang="und">Fish Terminology </a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p>&#13; Use your knowledge about fish anatomy to describe and draw a fish using proper terminology.&#13; </p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div></div> <div class="embed"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1760" class="node node-question-set special-feature-type-question-set contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="22256eeb-7867-418c-a67a-500e42458e70" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Question Set</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/mammals/structure-and-function/question-set-structure-and-function-0" hreflang="und">Structure and Function</a> </h2> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div></div> <div class="embed"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1761" class="node node-special-feature-page special-feature-type-further-investigations contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5ba2c202-30ef-457e-853c-7056344c22c0" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Further Investigations</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/mammals/structure-and-function/further-investigations-structure-and-function-0" hreflang="und">Structure and Function</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p></p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-toc--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-toc.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-toc.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-toc field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Table of Contents</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/toc/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish" hreflang="en">Structure and Function - Fish</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-representative-image--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-representative-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Representative Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Rep_Structure_0.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Rep_Structure_0.jpeg?itok=kUmROEco" width="135" height="62" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Thu, 14 Dec 2017 21:43:37 +0000 fyang 1747 at http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/fish/structure-and-function-fish#comments