Apply the OLP in these units http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/ en What Are Aquatic Plants and Algae http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">What Are Aquatic Plants and Algae</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Title</div> <div class="field__item"><h2 class="page-title">What Are Aquatic Plants and Algae</h2> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <a title="View user profile." href="/exploringourfluidearth/users/fyang" class="username">fyang</a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--topic-page.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 09/07/2016 - 11:17</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">NGSS Performance Expectations</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/ms-ls1-1-conduct-investigation-provide-evidence-living-things-are-made-cells-either-one-cell-or-many" hreflang="en">MS-LS1-1 Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/ms-ls1-2-develop-and-use-model-describe-function-cell-whole-and-ways-parts-cells-contribute-function" hreflang="en">MS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/hs-ls1-2-develop-and-use-model-illustrate-hierarchical-organization-interacting-systems-provide" hreflang="en">HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/curriculum-alignment/ngss/pe/hs-ls1-5-use-model-illustrate-how-photosynthesis-transforms-light-energy-stored-chemical-energy" hreflang="en">HS-LS1-5 Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-standards-ngss-pe-linking.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-standards-ngss-pe-linking field--type-string field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">NGSS PE Linking Sentence</div> <div class="field__item">The content and activities in this topic will work towards building an understanding of how aquatic plants and algae function.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Body</div> <div class="field__item"><h2>Introduction to Aquatic Plants and Algae</h2> <p><strong>Autotrophs</strong> are organisms that can make their own food. A plant is a familiar example of an autotroph (Fig. 2.2). Plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. <strong>Photosynthesis</strong> converts light energy into chemical energy and food. Photosynthetic autotrophs are also called photo-autotrophs. This term distinguishes them from chemo-autotrophs, which are capable of converting carbon dioxide into chemical energy and food without light energy.</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.2A-mangrove.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.2A-mangrove.jpg?itok=2o-Ze-3E" width="290" height="217" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.2.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;Rhizophora mangle&lt;/em&gt;, a red mangrove in the Dominican Republic&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Anton Bielousov, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dominican_republic_Los_Haitises_mangroves.jpeg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dominican_republic_Los_Haitises_mangroves.jpeg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.2.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) <em>Rhizophora mangle</em>, a red mangrove in the Dominican Republic</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Anton Bielousov, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dominican_republic_Los_Haitises_mangroves.jpeg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.2B-Posidonia.jpg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.2B-Posidonia.jpg?itok=xkMHhEy_" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.2.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;em&gt;Posidonia oceanica&lt;/em&gt;, a Mediterranean seagrass&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Dr. Alberto Romeo, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Posidonia_2_Alberto_Romeo.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Posidonia_2_Alberto_Romeo.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.2.</strong> (<strong>B</strong>) <em>Posidonia oceanica</em>, a Mediterranean seagrass</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Dr. Alberto Romeo, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Posidonia_2_Alberto_Romeo.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.2C-ElodeaCanadensisFlowering.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.2C-ElodeaCanadensisFlowering.jpeg?itok=CRfOPxfG" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.2.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) Flowering &lt;em&gt;Elodea canadensis&lt;/em&gt;, a submerged freshwater plant&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Christian Fischer, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElodeaCanadensisFlowering.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElodeaCanadensisFlowering.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.2.</strong> (<strong>C</strong>) Flowering <em>Elodea canadensis</em>, a submerged freshwater plant</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Christian Fischer, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElodeaCanadensisFlowering.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.2D-Spartina_alterniflora.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.2D-Spartina_alterniflora.jpeg?itok=oihBm425" width="290" height="218" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.2.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Spartina alterniflora&lt;/em&gt;, a coastal salt marsh grass&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spartina_alterniflora.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spartina_alterniflora.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.2.</strong> (<strong>D</strong>) <em>Spartina alterniflora</em>, a coastal salt marsh grass</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spartina_alterniflora.jpg" target="_blank">USDA</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> <p>Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Photosynthesis begins with the capture of light energy in the form of photons. <strong>Photons</strong> are tiny packets of energy. Like all other forms of energy, photons have the capacity to do work or move things. For more information about photosynthesis, please see the <a href="http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/chemical/biogeochemical-cycles" target="_blank">Biogeochemical Cycles</a> unit.</p> <p> </p> <p>Photons are absorbed by pigments inside autotroph cells. <strong>Pigments</strong> are chemical compounds that appear colorful and absorb light and, in doing so, appear as a specific color. Pigments occur in lots of places—flowers, corals, and even human skin have pigments. The most common pigment involved in photosynthesis is the green pigment Chlorophyll.</p> <p> </p> <p>When a pigment absorbs photon energy, electrons from the pigment molecules are excited. The excited electrons enable a series of chemical reactions that build carbon-based sugar molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O). The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is shown below:</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">6 CO<sub>2</sub> +</td> <td style="text-align: center;">6 H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td> <p style="text-align: center;">sunlight</p> <p style="text-align: center;">=</p> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> +</td> <td style="text-align: center;">6 O<sub>2</sub></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">carbon dioxide</td> <td style="text-align: center;">water</td> <td style="text-align: center;">chlorophyll</td> <td style="text-align: center;">glucose</td> <td style="text-align: center;">oxygen</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <p>This photosynthetic process transforms light energy into chemical energy. <strong>Chemical energy</strong> is energy stored in chemical bonds. A common form of chemical energy inside a living organism is a sugar molecule called glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>). Glucose can be used to build cell structures, like cell membranes and cell walls. Glucose can also be combined with other nutrients to form amino acids and proteins.</p> <p> </p> <p>Living things must release the chemical energy stored in glucose before they can use it for growth, movement, reproduction, and other life processes. <strong>Cellular respiration</strong> is the process of breaking apart a glucose molecule to release stored chemical energy. Cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.</p> <p> </p> <p>In addition to producing glucose, photosynthesis also releases oxygen. Oxygen is very important to life on Earth because it is necessary for cellular respiration. Photosynthetic autotrophs make life on Earth possible for other organisms. Interestingly, microscopic autotrophs produce more oxygen than aquatic and land plants combined. They are also responsible for making the earth habitable. The first autotrophs were bacteria called blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria first evolved on Earth over three billion years ago, and they radically changed the planet’s atmosphere by increasing the amount of oxygen.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Aquatic Plants</h2> <p>Plants are familiar examples of photosynthetic autotrophs. Most plant species are found in terrestrial habitats. Humans depend heavily on land plants such as wheat, corn, and tomatoes for food. Many plants also thrive in the water. <strong>Aquatic plants</strong> are plants that live in shallow coastal zones, wetlands, rivers, and lakes. Aquatic plants provide important food and habitat for other organisms.</p> <p> </p> <p>Coastal aquatic plants such as mangroves (Fig. 2.2 A) and marsh grasses (Fig. 2.2 D) can tolerate wet conditions that would typically drown terrestrial plants. Many of these coastal species have also adapted to survive in salty seawater or brackish water. Some aquatic plant species have even adapted to live completely submerged in seawater (Fig. 2.2 B) or freshwater lakes (Fig. 2.2 C) away from their required sunlight and carbon dioxide gas.</p> <p> </p> <p>Almost all plant species have evolved vascular, or vein-like, tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. Most plants also have distinct roots, shoots, and leaves. Aquatic plants have retained these characteristics. However, there are some plants without vascular tissues—the moss-like species that roughly resemble some seaweeds or algae.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Algae</h2> <p>The term <strong><em>algae</em></strong> (singular: <strong>alga</strong>) refers to a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that thrive in aquatic environments (Fig. 2.3). The term <em>algae</em> includes over 350,000 species with representatives in multiple different phyla. Algae range from single-celled microbes floating in the water (Figs. 2.3 A and 2.3 B) to towering giant seaweeds (Fig. 2.3 D). All algae and plants are photosynthetic autotrophs.</p> <p> </p> <p>Algae are difficult to define because the term describes such a wide diversity of organisms. Many species of algae, like larger seaweeds and giant kelp, appear similar to plants (Figs. 2.3 C and D). However, these algae are not true plants. Algae lack the vein-like vascular system found in most plants.</p> <p> </p> <p>Algae are considered the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth. Without algae, life in the ocean would be very different than it is. Small, microscopic algae serve as the base for most marine food webs (Figs. 2.3 A and 2.3 B). Larger, macroscopic algae provide food and three-dimensional habitats for other organisms (Figs. 2.3 C and 2.3 D). This role of algae in the ocean is similar to the way trees provide both food and habitat in a forest (Fig. 2.3 D).</p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.3A-Diatom.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.3A-Diatom.jpeg?itok=ZtCwwodn" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.3.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;) A single diatom cell seen through a light microscope. Numbered ticks are 10 micrometers (µm) apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Bob Blaylock, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20110123_185042_Diatom.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20110123_185042_Diatom.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.3.</strong> (<strong>A</strong>) A single diatom cell seen through a light microscope. Numbered ticks are 10 micrometers (µm) apart.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Bob Blaylock, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20110123_185042_Diatom.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.3B-Phytoplankton.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.3B-Phytoplankton.jpeg?itok=wRu3hLGq" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.3.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;) A bloom of microscopic phytoplankton near Gotland, Sweden as seen from space&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://flic.kr/p/8TYEX7&quot; href=&quot;https://flic.kr/p/8TYEX7&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.3.</strong> (<strong>B</strong>) A bloom of microscopic phytoplankton near Gotland, Sweden as seen from space</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="https://flic.kr/p/8TYEX7" target="_blank">NASA</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.3C-GreenMacroalgae.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.3C-GreenMacroalgae.jpeg?itok=8Tf1qAZG" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.3.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;) Green macroalga sea lettuce, &lt;em&gt;Ulva&lt;/em&gt; sp., in a coastal, rocky intertidal zone&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Anthony Giorgio, &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seaweed_on_rocks_at_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seaweed_on_rocks_at_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.3.</strong> (<strong>C</strong>) Green macroalga sea lettuce, <em>Ulva</em> sp., in a coastal, rocky intertidal zone</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Anthony Giorgio, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seaweed_on_rocks_at_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.3D-GiantKelp.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.3D-GiantKelp.jpeg?itok=XiZol4BO" width="290" height="290" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.3.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;) The brown macroalga giant kelp, &lt;em&gt;Macrocystis pyrifera&lt;/em&gt;, in a Pacific kelp forest&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of Claire Fackler, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://flic.kr/p/8JHttX&quot; href=&quot;https://flic.kr/p/8JHttX&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NOAA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.3.</strong> (<strong>D</strong>) The brown macroalga giant kelp, <em>Macrocystis pyrifera</em>, in a Pacific kelp forest</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of Claire Fackler, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://flic.kr/p/8JHttX" target="_blank">NOAA</a>)</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><hr /><p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.4-PhyloTreeAlgae.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.4-PhyloTreeAlgae.png?itok=2XtA3Stc" width="290" height="210" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.4.&lt;/strong&gt; The tree of life showing placement of the algae groups within the domains Bacteria and Eukarya.&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image by Byron Inouye&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.4.</strong> The tree of life showing placement of the algae groups within the domains Bacteria and Eukarya.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image by Byron Inouye</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>Understanding the evolutionary relationships among organisms is important to biologists who want to know how communities of species have evolved. Molecular genetics has been helpful in providing information about many of these relationships in algae. However, there is still much that is not understood. Algae as a group have members in several distantly-related branches of the tree of life (Fig. 2.4). For example, cyanobacteria, or “blue-green algae”, are single-celled organisms in the domain Bacteria. Red algae, Rhodophyta, are multicellular organisms in the domain Eukarya. And, within the domain Eukarya, algae are spread among many of the major divisions. For more information about phylogenetic trees, see the <a href="http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/what-alive/classification-life" target="_blank">Classification of Life</a> topic.</p> <p> </p> <p>Identifying and classifying algae species is difficult. Most textbooks and field guides have divided algae into broad groups based on the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain. Large plant-like seaweed algae, or macroalgae, are generally classified into three groups: Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Phaeophyceae (brown algae). Microscopic algae include diatoms and dinoflagellates. Cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae) are technically bacteria. However, cyanobacteria are included with algae because they photosynthesize and form large colonies.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes</h2> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.5-Phylogenetic_tree.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.5-Phylogenetic_tree.png?itok=xreIL9WN" width="290" height="199" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.5.&lt;/strong&gt; Diagram of evolutionary tree of life showing three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Bacteria and Archaea species (shown in blue and red, respectively) are considered prokaryotic. Species in the domain Eukaryota (sometimes “Eukarya;” show in brown) are considered eukaryotic.&lt;/p&gt;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of&amp;nbsp;National Aeronautics and Space Administration (&lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NASA&lt;/a&gt;), modified by David Lin&lt;/p&gt;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.5.</strong> Diagram of evolutionary tree of life showing three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Bacteria and Archaea species (shown in blue and red, respectively) are considered prokaryotic. Species in the domain Eukaryota (sometimes “Eukarya;” show in brown) are considered eukaryotic.</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" target="_blank">NASA</a>), modified by David Lin</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>All living organisms can be placed into two broad categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Fig. 2.5). Prokaryotes include all organisms from the domains Bacteria and Archaea (Fig. 2.5). <strong>Prokaryotes</strong> were the first organisms to exist on Earth. They evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago.</p> <p> </p> <p>The first eukaryotic organisms, by comparison, evolved much later—a mere 1.6 to 2.2 billion years ago. Eukaryotes include all organisms from the domain <strong>Eukaryota</strong> and include such things as plants, animals, and fungi. Scientists have estimated that there are 8.7 million species of eukaryotes alive on Earth today, but only 1.2 million species have been formally described so far.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--half-w-caption.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--half-w-caption.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="align-left media media--type-image media--view-mode-half-w-caption"><!-- THEME DEBUG --><!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --><!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --><!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Fig2.6-Celltypes.png" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/half_page_width/public/Fig2.6-Celltypes.png?itok=mBqDBGmK" width="290" height="124" alt="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fig. 2.6.&lt;/strong&gt; Comparative cell anatomy of eukaryotes and prokaryotes&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" title="&lt;p&gt;Image courtesy of &lt;a data-cke-saved-href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celltypes.svg&quot; href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celltypes.svg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Science Primer&lt;/a&gt;, National Center for Biotechnology Information, modified by David Lin&lt;/p&gt;&#10;" class="image-style-half-page-width" /></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-alttext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-alttext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-alttext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-alttext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Fig. 2.6.</strong> Comparative cell anatomy of eukaryotes and prokaryotes</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-titletext--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-titletext.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-titletext.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-media-titletext field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Image courtesy of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celltypes.svg" target="_blank">Science Primer</a>, National Center for Biotechnology Information, modified by David Lin</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> </article><!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --><p>The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are shown in Table 2.1. The cells (the term <em>cell</em> is defined in the <a href="http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/what-alive/properties-life" target="_blank">Properties of Life</a> topic) of eukaryotes are generally more complex than the cells of prokaryotes (Fig. 2.6). Most algae are eukaryotes, although the term algae is also used to describe photosynthetic prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria.</p> <hr /><p> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"><caption><strong>Table 2.1.</strong> Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells</caption> <thead><tr><th scope="row"> </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Prokaryotes</th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: center;">Eukaryotes</th> </tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row">Cell size</th> <td style="text-align: center;">1–10 micrometers (µm)</td> <td style="text-align: center;">10–100 µm</td> </tr><tr><th scope="row">Membrane-bound nucleus</th> <td style="text-align: center;">absent</td> <td style="text-align: center;">present</td> </tr><tr><th scope="row">Membrane-bound organelles</th> <td style="text-align: center;">absent</td> <td style="text-align: center;">present</td> </tr><tr><th scope="row">Cell membrane</th> <td style="text-align: center;">present</td> <td style="text-align: center;">present</td> </tr><tr><th scope="row">Cell wall</th> <td style="text-align: center;">usually present</td> <td style="text-align: center;">present in fungi, plants, some algae</td> </tr><tr><th scope="row">DNA form</th> <td style="text-align: center;">often circular</td> <td style="text-align: center;">chromosomes</td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p> <p>The main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is their cell structure (Fig. 2.6). Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that range in size from one to 10 micrometers (μm). They are generally less complex than eukaryotic cells.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </p><div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1516" class="node node-question-set special-feature-type-question-set contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d3438285-edf1-48e5-ab4d-3adb744a8b4d" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Question Set</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae/question-set-what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae" hreflang="und">What are Aquatic Plants and Algae</a> </h2> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'entity_embed_container' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> <div class="action-background"> <div id="node-1517" class="node node-special-feature-page special-feature-type-further-investigations contextual-links-region clearfix special-feature-type- " data-embed-button="node" data-entity-embed-display="entity_reference:entity_reference_label" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{&quot;link&quot;:1}" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="02e593e9-acca-46ed-b472-1cda1405df70" data-langcode="und"> <div class="embed-type-marker"><i class="icon white"></i></div> <div class="embed-supertitle">Further Investigations</div> <h2 class="embed-title"> <a target="_blank" href="/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae/further-investigations-what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae" hreflang="und">What are Aquatic Plants and Algae</a> </h2> <div class="field-item even"><p></p></div> <div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/entity-embed-container.html.twig' --> </div></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-toc--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-toc.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-toc.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-toc field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Table of Contents</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/exploringourfluidearth/toc/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae" hreflang="en">What Are Aquatic Plants and Algae</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-representative-image--topic-page.html.twig * field--node--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--node--topic-page.html.twig * field--field-representative-image.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-representative-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Representative Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-image.html.twig * media--image--default.html.twig * media--image.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-image--image.html.twig * field--media--field-media-image.html.twig * field--media--image.html.twig * field--field-media-image.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Image</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/Rep_What-are-aquatic-plants.jpeg" target="_blank"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_style' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <div class="imgpost"> <span class="img-overlay-lightbox"></span> <img loading="lazy" src="/exploringourfluidearth/sites/default/files/styles/1_quarter_page/public/Rep_What-are-aquatic-plants.jpeg?itok=4Lb33mUY" width="135" height="62" class="image-style-_-quarter-page" /> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/image-style.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/tsi/templates/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Wed, 07 Sep 2016 21:17:56 +0000 fyang 83 at http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth http://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/what-are-aquatic-plants-and-algae#comments